The Case Of Samuel Roth - 921 Words

2. Facts of the Case Samuel Roth was prosecuted for violating a federal statute that made it illegal to send, â€Å"obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy,† content in the mail. Roth published the magazine American Aphrodite which had nude photos. David Alberts was prosecuted for publishing photos of naked women. Both men appealed to the Supreme Court and their cases were merged together. 3. Questions of the Case Did the California or Federal Statute violate David Albert and Samuel Roth’s First Amendment freedom of speech? Did California violate David Alberts Due Process? 4. Holding No. The ruling was 6-3 in favor of the United States. The ruling was 7-2 in favor of California. 5. Opinion of the Court Justice Brennan delivered the opinion of the Court. Roth ran a business in New York by selling books, photos, and magazines. Roth was charged with 4 counts for sending inappropriate circulars and an inappropriate book. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld Roth’s appeal. Alberts was prosecuted for the sale of lewd books, and for writing inappropriate advertisements within the books. Albert’s conviction was upheld by a lower court. The Court must decide if indecent material is protected by the freedom of speech and press in the First Amendment. All ideas, even the most foolish, controversial, and intolerable, are protected by free speech. The only exception is when they interfere in more important safeties. However, indecency has been demonstrated to have no redeemingShow MoreRelated Repairing the Problem with Americas Transportation System Essay1778 Words   |  8 PagesFor people who drive into the city   everyday for work, it might even be worse (Fay 3 ).   Now that?s a lot of time if you ask me. To make matters worse, the federal government is not taking the necessary steps to solve this problem and, in some cases, is further devastating the situation.   The Clinton administration proposed a plan called the National Economic Crossroads Efficiency Act, or NEXTEA.   I personally think they spent more time on the name of this act than on the actually content of itRead MoreThe Law Is Made Under The First Amendment Of The United States1815 Words   |  8 Pagesencounters are becoming a requirement to endure in our daily lives, regardless of age. Consequently, Americans and its society are evidently hypersexualized, accurately stated within the book Sexidemic: A Cultural History of Sex in America (Lawrence R. Samuel), â€Å"[t]o say that sex plays a major role in everyday life in America would be an understatement (particularly because it is the source of life itself). Sexuality is a mainstay of American popular and consumer culture; the adage â€Å"sex sells† is takenRead MoreLiterary Devices Utilized in Thomas Fosters Book How to Read Literature Like a Professor Put to Use in Pulp Fiction1041 Words   |  5 Pagesthing seen is a bright golden light emanating from the case. Each character who sees what is inside of the case appears enthralled and amazed with the contents. A very popular theory about the meaning of the case and band-aid is that perhaps the case contains Marsellus soul and the band-aid is covering the spot on the back of his neck where the devil has removed his soul. This theory explains why the band-aid disappears when Marsellus has the case, because he has his soul back. The symbolic meaningsRead MoreThe Challenges Of Being a University Student and a Mom Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages Understanding Student Motherhood The current research on the academic experience largely focuses on family-friendly policies for staff, especially faculty (Mason, Wolfinger Golden, 2013; Ward, 2012; Connelly, 2011; Evans Grant, 2008; Spalter-Roth Erskrine, 2005; Quinn, Edwards Lange Olswang, 2004; Prentice Pankratz, 2003). Further, there is existing research on the experiences of faculty mothers within the academy (Armenti, 2004; Ward Wolf-Wendel, 2004; Wolf-Wendel, Ward, TwomblyRead MoreWhat ever happened to originality anyway? Remember when every movie was unlike the last, when every1200 Words   |  5 Pagesjust can’t afford to be original in the first place. Even in the advertising business, the lack of originality seems to be an issue, but the lack of originality needs to start somewhere. How the cycle works is, somebody has an original idea, in this case an advertisement, it booms with popularity, and then all of the other advertisers copy it! â€Å"In 1993, when Jeff Goodby of San Francisco-based ad agency Goodby, Silverstein Partners came up with the phrase â€Å"Got Milk?† as part of a California Milk ProcessorRead MoreCoun 611 Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse3370 Words   |  14 Pagesvictims of child sexual abuse take part in. Some research will touch on proper healing techniques for victims of CSA to receive. Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Sexual violation of a child is one of the world’s darkest crimes. In most cases the victim’s view of the world and themselves is completely changed. This paper will review several aspects of child sexual abuse and discuss the symptoms victims will have based on a variety of empirical studies. It will also expand the subject fromRead MoreThe Jewish Community of Argentina Essay2028 Words   |  9 Pagescriminals? According to Shimon Samuels, director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center for Europe and Latin America, it is. He claims that there may be up to 17 wanted war criminals that may be alive an at large in the South American nation. Samuels said he has submitted again and again a list of Nazi officials allegedly living here to three interior ministers of the Carlos Menem administration. Argentine authorities never tried to find, or extradite, those on the list. Samuels list includes two DutchRead MoreEssay on Code of Hammurabi and the Book of Exodus3201 Words   |   13 Pagesimpression of authority and power. It is also framed by a prologue and an epilogue, which serve to further justify Hammurabi’s legitimacy as king and the justness of his laws. (Roth 73) While Hammurabi attributes his ability to rule to the gods, he does not claim that the laws were written by the gods; which is the case with the Ten Commandments in the book of Exodus, which is attributed to Yahweh. The laws of ancient Israel were the only ancient laws to have both religious and non religiousRead MoreThe Reasons of Plagiarism1907 Words   |  8 Pagesparticipating in the society and nonsense to do such cheating thing . For example , many studies have shown that academic staff and students have very different attitudes towards cheating and plagiarism (Stern Havlicek, 1986; Anderson Obershain, 1994; Roth McCabe, 1995; Higbee Thomas, 2000). Evans Craig (1990) uncovered general agreement between high school students and staff that cheating is a serious problem, but major differences in views regarding scale and criteria, causes and effective approachesRead MoreRepeated-Reading-Based Instructional Strategy and Vocabulary Acquisition: a Case Study of a Heritage Speaker of Chinese9492 Words   |  38 PagesReading in a Foreign Language ISSN 1539-0578 October 2010, Volume 22, No. 2 pp. 242–262 Repeated-reading-based instructional strategy and vocabulary acquisition: A case study of a heritage speaker of Chinese ZhaoHong Han and Cheng-ling Alice Chen Teachers College, Columbia University United States Abstract Repeated reading, a procedure involving repetition of the same text, has received copious attention from first language reading research providing highly converging evidence of its potency

Theme Of Existentialism In The Stranger - 1624 Words

While Hemingway’s characters were struggling to find the value in their lives, Camus took the other side of the spectrum and made a character that didn’t see any value in life. Camus focuses on the topic of existentialism, which is the philosophical theory that focuses on the fact that everyone is responsible for developing their own actions, in his novel The Stranger. Camus introduces Meursault who is deeply rooted in the beliefs of existentialism, believing that there is no value to anything that happens in a person’s life, and it isn’t until death that a person obtains an accurate perception of life. He goes about his life experiencing some life changing events, but not being affected in the slightest by the events. He lives with the†¦show more content†¦All experiences start to hold the same meaning and choosing to do one thing over another doesn’t make a difference. All these actions have the same value or lack of it, for all are equal ly devoid of real significance (Brombert 120) This very philosophy is the same that leads him to isolation. While he may not seem like a stranger in the beginning, Meursault starts to draw attention to certain qualities about himself that aren’t normal and start to isolate him. He doesn’t start off as a stranger; he has friends, a boss, a girl who’s interested in him and neighbors who know who he is. He is one with the people (Eeurelicht 606). While Meursault seems to blend in with those around him, it’s the society he’s a stranger too. This is an obvious trait from the beginning but is constantly brought to the reader’s attention. Meursault doesn’t live by societal norms and rules, and he doesn’t express remorse or emotion in the way that people expect he should (Eeurelicht 609). This can be seen in his unconventional ideas about love and marriage. When asked about marriage and if he loved Marie, His commentary was â€Å"I said it didn’t make any difference to me a nd that we could if she wanted to. The she wanted to know if I loved her. I answered the same way I had the last time† (Camus 41). Meursault looks at deciding between two things as having no opposing value, each choice is equally as good as the other. It becomes absurd because it leads himShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of Sisyphus And The Stranger1367 Words   |  6 Pages It is common for authors to use similar themes in their work intentionally. For Albert Camus, the author of â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus† and The Stranger, the use of similar themes seems to be intentional. The author takes a very different approach to the same topic, however. Not only is the underlying topic of existentialism the same, but the writing styles and rhetorical devices similar, as well. Through the use of similar devices and themes, the reader is able to understand, analyze, and compare andRead MoreExistentialism As A World View1086 Words   |  5 PagesI view Existentialism as a world view. R ejecting the social institutions that cover up the realities of the world, Existentialism calls for the developing of individual values based on what the follower feels is important in his or her life. Just as the empty-holed person refuses to follow the others in filling the hole, the Existentialist chooses not to surround him or herself with religion, political ideologies or meaning for the world as many others do. As a world-view, Existentialism is bothRead MoreExistentialism And The Beliefs Of The Movement1454 Words   |  6 PagesPalahniuk that is a good summary of existentialism and the beliefs of the movement. Existentialism was a turning point for society and literature that advocated the expansion of the minds of authors and their readers so we could improve our thinking to be more enlightened and free. The movement sparked much alternative thinking to allow our society to grow into what it is today and without it people would most likely be more close minded and less free . Existentialism was a very influential movement withRead More The Rise and Fall of Existentialism1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise and Fall of Existentialism   Ã‚  Ã‚   Existential literature often focuses on the personal journey towards existential awareness. Common themes in existential works, such as alienation and confrontation with death, often lead the anti-hero towards a climactic choice that defines whether they have reached true understanding. The themes within existential literature are reflected from the world at large, and the works themselves are a metaphor for a grander shift in Western philosophy. Read MoreExistentialism, By Albert Camus, Raymond Carvers, Short Cuts And Woody Allen s Movie, Crimes And1440 Words   |  6 PagesAfter all, the Choice is Yours Existentialism is a humanism, sure, if one were so inclined, since after all it is ones’ choice to choose if they are a true existentialist. Any and all human philosophies can be used as a guide to ones’ path in life in their own morality, however, until it becomes inconvenient then it is tolerable to deviate off ones’ path to make it work for themselves. The basic foundation of existentialism is, existence precedes essence and there can be no human nature if thisRead MoreSimilarities Between The Stranger And Waiting For Godot954 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Stranger† was written by Albert Camus, and â€Å"Waiting for Godot† was written by Samuel Beckett. There are many similarities and differences between these two pieces of literature. The main similarity is that both pieces of literature explore existentialism, but it’s also a main difference because of the methods in which the characters explore meaning in a different way. These two p ieces of literature can easily be compared and contrasted due to the connectivity of the central themes. The authorsRead MoreExistentialism And The Absurd By Albert Camus1186 Words   |  5 PagesFrench-Algerian writer Albert Camus relates to his philosophical beliefs: specifically existentialism and the absurd, as well as his connecting idea of rebellion. Camus’ most prominent works – such as the novels The Plague, The Stranger, The Rebel, and others – reflect these beliefs and ideas he held. Though he was and continues to be considered as one, Camus made a point of rejecting the label of an existentialist. Existentialism is essentially based on the idea that philosophy starts with the acceptanceRead MoreNew Media Expands Old Philosophy Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pagesphilosophy of existentialism. Schopenhauer, using this philosophy, believed that the universe was meaningless and irrational, and that his irrational life was full of choices that brought him in contact with the nothingness of the universe. Existentialism has no definite description because individuals create their own meaning by making sense of the world as it pertains to the individual. While individuals create their own meaning, there are several common themes that are followed. These themes fall underRead MoreThe Stranger3094 Words   |  13 Pages Finding Joy in Albert Camus’ The Stranger: A Different Perspective Existentialism is often defined as a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes a few main points, such as the freedom to choose and how the choices you make should be made without the assistance of another person or standard. From the existentialist point of view, you must accept the risk and responsibility of your choices and follow theRead MoreA Concrete Human Existence, And The Conditions Of Such Existence1689 Words   |  7 Pagesby the idea of human worthlessness. Literature- Existentialism, though it had been present since the 19th century, came of age in the mid-20th Century. This was largely through the scholarly and fictional works of the French existentialists, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. The heavily influenced post WWII movement spurred up a whole new way of thinking. Sartre made the movement popular in that he defined â€Å"Existentialism† and wrote many works solely centered on his views

Salem Trials A Lesson from History Free Essays

Salem was taken from the word, â€Å"Jerusalem†, seat of Christianity. This is where Christ trudged on and lived a holy life but became ironically symbolized in America by people become crazy. It has gained notoriety due to cruelty that pervaded in 1692 in that village in Massachusetts. We will write a custom essay sample on Salem Trials: A Lesson from History or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Time is the Mother of Truth and Truth the Daughter of Time† (Hale), scholars have studied documents surrounding that incident in Salem. The truth was told through documented events of those fateful days when those innocent people were tagged as ‘witches’. The people of Salem acted on suspicion without substantial bases for accusing one hundred fifty villagers of a crime that is ‘witchcraft’. They have admitted to a mistake that was horrible, became a controversy for ages, and a lesson for humanity. (Hale) Several factors influenced the villagers to act in such frenzy: politics, religion, and hysteria. For lack of a strong leader who can effectively give direction to the people’s thinking, the incident went out of hand. Even the leaders themselves were controlled by the situation, perhaps, due to hidden interests as well. P. S. Nissenbaum) Internal bickering in the community is not exceptional for it also occurs in other New England communities at that time. Add to it a weak institution that can handle the population. They were claiming to see an apparition of the witches at their beds. (P. B. Nissenbaum) Having them hanged will not make any difference using that argument. The devil can harm them in whatever form us ing their kind of thinking. It is incomprehensible how individuals can be united to wreak havoc upon other individuals. People of such ignorance have been put together to teach humanity how extremism and stupidity can cause such a tragedy. The lives of the people who were innocent of a crime that is witchcraft which was not proven enough were put to waste due to the cruelty that beset upon them. They had to suffer in jail and have to go through torture because their co-villagers were obsessed with the idea of a devil that is lurking around their lives and is causing an illness which they do not understand. They used the words: â€Å"fits†, â€Å"odd postures†, â€Å"foolish, ridiculous speeches†, â€Å"distempers†, etc. o describe what are being manifested by the victims of witchcraft as they said. (P. S. Nissenbaum) One was seen crawling on the floor during an attack. (P. S. Nissenbaum) The symptoms that were being manifested by the said victims of witchcraft could be epilepsy. This illness has always been associated with demonic possession which can not be cured. The stig ma that can be brought upon the individual experiencing this can be enormous that it is convenient to blame it on somebody performing witchcraft upon him/her experiencing it. This can be genetic and in Salem during that time, having fifteen children in a family was the average. It is not negligible to note that this disease could be running in families. Not to mention the hysteria that came with it. Children were manipulated by adults to say things or even their musings were interpreted to mean according to how they wanted it to mean. (P. S. Nissenbaum) The colonies of England included Massachusetts which was under the laws that govern these colonies. In England, witchcraft was a capital crime as declared in 1641. Chronology of Events Relating to the Salem Witchcraft Trials) Anyone suspecting of witchcraft activities were hanged by the stake. The colonial village of Salem was a staunch believer of the Bible. They took to the letter every bit of the Scriptures. They have become extremists that they have forgotten that ‘love’ was taught by Christ primarily. The ministers who were at a loss in governing the villagers conveniently blame witchcraf t as the culprit in the disunity eminent among the folks. Disputes led the villagers to falsely accuse innocent citizens in response to the hysteria that pervaded them. The early ministers who led them were also blinded by their desire for territory. It was a difficult time for this colonial town. Land was getting scarce while families were becoming big. They work very hard on their farms only to be obliterated by blights. (P. S. Nissenbaum) Children were not allowed to play: girls were taught to spin yarn and help in the household while the boys were brought by the men to help them to hunt. They did not have the opportunity to play as normal children would. These children were deprived of the happiness of childhood. It is not surprising if they would deliberately act out abnormal behavior because opportunities to play were rare. It is possible that acting out those eccentricities was a form of ‘play’ for these deprived children. Their sense of awe and wonder were suppressed by the adults. Their words were twisted by the older ones to serve their purpose. (P. B. Nissenbaum) They lived at a time when there were no other forms of entertainment but chores. It was also a time for New England to be established. Institutionalizing law and order was especially difficult in this part of the colony. Political disputes were prevailing in terms of who would minister the community. They were like a flock in need of a shepherd. But the shepherds who should be taking care of them also have vested interests. They carry within them their wants and needs. The chronology of events is very telling about man’s desire for power and control. The judicial system was used and manipulated according to the whims of the judges. (Chronology of Events Relating to the Salem Witchcraft Trials) The humble investigation of John Hale speaks of how erroneous the system is in handling the cases in Salem. With all humility he explained that what transpired in Salem was a lesson learned for humanity. Quoting from the Scriptures, he reiterated that the innocent must not suffer. (Hale) The evidence against them was obviously weak based on spectral evidence that Governor Phipps opposed. (Chronology of Events Relating to the Salem Witchcraft Trials) He was able to save lives due to be hanged in the Gallows. After fourteen years, one of the accusers, Ann Putnam, publicly apologizes for her actions in 1692. The event in 1692 was very unfortunate for the people in Salem. Hysteria emanated in that village due to numerous factors. One would see how religious extremism can drive people to do harm towards others which are contrary to the teachings of religion. Greed and desire for power can attribute to people’s insensitivity and delusions. It was formally admitted as a mistake by the government of Massachusetts in 1957 (Chronology of Events Relating to the Salem Witchcraft Trials) and a good reminder for everyone of the cruelty that occurred centuries ago. This is a lesson learned which must be avoided. It is important that judicial system must be respected by honoring facts; biases must be avoided; and the right to be represented must be observed. Law and order are present for people’s protection. These should not be used to cause harm to a nation’s citizens. Leaders appointed are also responsible of the people’s safety. They must safeguard the lives entrusted them. It is important for them to ensure that due process must be served in the courts. This incident must never happen again. How to cite Salem Trials: A Lesson from History, Papers

The fbi free essay sample

One example of that is catching the train serial killer. Rafael Martinez or Angel Martinez, who was hiding in other country which, makes the other police agencies incapable of getting him back. In addition, another important Job that the FBI does is to check and control other police agencies if they fail to function as they supposed to be functioned. The FBI makes it almost impossible for some police members to be corrupted. An example of that, March 12, 1999, where the FBI caught some border patrol points corrupted.The corruption among US forces along the Southwest border as a serious and growing problem, according to the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. The number of such cases Investigated by the FBI went from 79 In 1997 to 157 In 1998; therefore, the FBI Is trying to stop every corruption possible in other police agencies. Fix In the other hand, the FBI as a strong agency makes it dangerous to the society. We will write a custom essay sample on The fbi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some times, we see the agency over reacts by dealing with civilians that agency thinks that they are endanger people in a harmful way. For example, we saw how the FBI was denying for six years that they did not use pyrotechnic devices capable of starting the fire and burned down the Branch Deviant Compound near Waco in April 1993. In addition, the non-supervising Job that the agency has that makes it very hard to be investigated subject if there are some king of corruption. We all know that the ability of check and balance that every agency has over the other Is very important. It limited the power of one agency more than the other that makes It Impossible to have a powerful control over all.Having too much power Is dangerous. Some sick people might get that power and use It In some harmful ways that no one can stop them because they are too strong. For example, the department office of inspector general or GIG cannot obtain investigation without permission of the deputy authority general of the attorney general. Finally, I think that we can make the FBI more effectual and helpful if we change two major things with the FBI system. First, we must let the local police department to handle civilians instead of the FBI using all means of forces.Just let the FBI supervisor on that local police department and assist them if they need more help. For example, the Incident which Weavers wife and son and US marshal. They were killed could be handled by the local authority without using too much forces against covalent. In addition, we must make other agents or sectors Like GIG to check the FBI of any kind of corrections. For example, In Waco incident those 80 people were killed have some kind of authority which they can check and see who is the on who was expansible for ordering the gas to be thrown at that time not keep it secret for six years. In conclusion, I think that the FBI is not a very good agent that works for the people. Instead, they work most the times against us. I believe that the FBI is an anti- American gang of racketeers who break our laws with impunity because they have succeeded in corrupting our politicians and many of our law-enforcement people as well. We should all fight that agency because the next victim of their mistakes could be you or me.

True love free essay sample

Students, APA formatting is not required, however, you are required to substantiate your responses and opinions  with laws, cases, statutes, codes, regulations or anything else that gives credibility to your answers. Remember, this is a legal class. Also, remember to state issues, integrate facts, discuss both sides of an issue, thoroughly analyze each question in detail, and lastly, conclude, based upon your legal findings and premise. You can have more than one conclusion as long as you argue both sides of an issue. You don’t need one absolute conclusion. The most important thing in law would be your ability to see both sides, argue them, and present alternative conclusions based upon these factors. CASE #1. After two years of research and the investment of considerable funds, Coast-to-Coast Company (CC)  develops  a new product that it hopes will produce substantial profits. CC learns that a competitor, National Sales, Inc. , has made and begun to sell a nearly identical product. We will write a custom essay sample on True love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page CC learns from a reliable source that National paid a CC employee to obtain the plans for CCs product while it was in development. What legal recourse does CC have against National? CASE #2. In 2002, Hawk Corporation begins making and selling electric motorcycles under the mark â€Å"Hawk. † Ten years later, Hawk. com, Inc. , a differ ­ent company selling medical equipment and supplies, begins to use â€Å"hawk† as part of its URL and registers it as a domain name. Can Hawk Corporation stop Hawk. com’s use of â€Å"hawk†? If so, what must the motorcycle-maker show?

George Washington Carver essays

George Washington Carver essays George Washington Carver was famous for his extraordinary work as a botanist. His research and development led to the development of over 300 products. Those include bleach, ink, chili sauce, and paper, plastic, only to name a few. However Carver was only granted patents for 3, those were cosmetic processing, and two different patents for paints and stains. Carver is also known as the savior of southern agriculture because he single handedly convinced congress to put a tariff on peanut imports to protect southern farmers. Further more in 1916 carver was asked to join the USDA because of his extensive insight on farming techniques and skills. Carver was also the first to discover a solution to the damage the crop cotton did to the soil and how to replenish it. His solution was called crop rotation, this worked by getting rid of the entire cotton crop after its growing season then replacing it with a crop that gave the nutrients back to the soil. Carver also did essential discoveries in the medical fields as well. Penol was a medication Carver developed that came from creosote and peanuts designed to treat tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis. However it was only successful for a few years. Industrial developments were also a part of his research. With such developments as making paper from peanuts, created synthetic marble from wood shavings, used cotton in several road-paving processes, made artificial rubber out of sweet potatoes, also a few cosmetic products. And for almost half of his life he did all of this research and development at Tuskegee Institute. 1. All of Georges personality traits helped him in his success but only a few made him famous. From an early age George had an insatiable hunger for knowledge and learning and was always searching of new ways to broaden his education. Also Carver had outstanding people skills. His charm, politeness, and sense of humo...

Khmer Rouge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Khmer Rouge - Essay Example From BBC, it is clear that it was a communist party belonging to Kapuchea. Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, had a reputation for brutality because they used to kill the villagers and the village chiefs. Khmer Rouge group ensured people were dispersed to the forest by burning both villages and major towns where there were huge populations. Moreover, by the time the chaos reached the peak, many Americans had held demonstrations protesting the involvement of United States in Cambodia. Things had gone so badly in Vietnam and their only interest in Southeast Asia was in getting out. Many people ran away from the cities and small towns to avoid Khmer Rouge. According to White (2010, pg. 16) Cambodia was turned into a camp that starved and terrorized people. On April 17 1975, Cambodia fell when Phnom Penh came face to face with the Khmer Rouge. Khmer Rouge was different, and they were dead behind the eyes. When Khmer Rouge took power, they started to re-invent Cambodia by emptying the cities forcing all the residents into the countryside and towards a dark future. Cadre spread the word that the Americans were going to bomb, and everyone had to leave including patients in the hospital. It was a lie and the leaders of Khmer Rouge cleared the capital and other cities so that they could start over. Around noon, everyone started leaving Cambodia, hundreds of thousands of people who were trenching along a few kilometers an hour, and it was truly a staggering sight, incredible. All citizens that lived in Cambodia and were from foreign countries were ferried to the borders by trucks. Khmer Rouge went ahead and created a new country after ensuri ng all foreigners were taken out of the country, and Cambodia was officially sealed. New country was created by killing civilians earnestly. The book by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, (2007, pg. 765) states that Khmer Rouge viewed the Vietnamese as a sacrifice for Cambodia revolution for its own interests. Combined with a burning

A criminal offends because he is caused to do so in a way which the Essay

A criminal offends because he is caused to do so in a way which the non criminal is not. Discuss this claim in relation to positivist criminology - Essay Example Although both of these theories belong to criminology at large but their ideologies are significantly different from one another. This paper aims to study positivist criminology while discussing a distinctive claim made in relation to criminology. Moreover, the two theories positivist and classist criminology would be compared to comprehend their basic functions and real world practicality. Criminology is broadly defined as the comprehensive study of why people indulge in to criminal activities. It also includes the observation of various criminal attitudes and behaviors while focusing on external and internal motivation factors (Understanding Criminology Theories, 2014). Studying criminology significantly helps in controlling crime rate since when investigators know the actual reasons for crime they can act accordingly while rehabilitating the criminal. Different criminology theories address different issues, for instance, some are associated with the individual criminals whereas others focus more towards the criminal’s act. Hence some criminologist suggests that criminals make a conscious choice in order to commit the crime while others suggest that community persuades an individual to act in an offensive manner. Thus they consider it the responsibility of social powers and community leaders to ensure that the inhabitants do not fall in to illegal and unethica l activities. This can be effectively done through providing them safe and protected job opportunities with an addition of sustainable living conditions (Understanding Criminology Theories, 2014). Apart from this, criminologists who believe that individuals have internal motivations and instincts to act violently should be determined during various examinations and psychological tests. They must be put in to different negative situations so as figure out their hidden weaknesses and thinking

Buildings Energy-efficiency Development in Rural Areas of China Case Study

Buildings Energy-efficiency Development in Rural Areas of China - Case Study Example The threat of environmental pollution in China originates from rural China, where the majority of the population continuously uses forms of energy that are major causes of carbon emission and pollutions of the environment. It is not surprising that various researches are continuously conducted to identify alternative ways of reducing carbon emissions in rural Chinese homes. Also, it does not surprise that building energy-efficient development in rural areas of China is one effective solution to this problem of growing carbon emissions. The ability of rural buildings to maintain efficiency in energy conservation and use is determined by its design. As a result, this paper explores traditional hearth (thermal mass) design in rural Chinese homes. Moreover, it evaluates how design influences energy conservation and utilization. China began consuming high amounts of carbon in late 20th century influenced by the spread of the industrial revolution throughout the world (Stolten and V Scherer 895). In 1990, the country continued to experience increased in total carbon consumption, and total consumption reached 650Mtce in 1995 while per capita consumption was at 900kgce in the same year (Slide 1). In the era of the industrial revolution, the total consumption remained higher that per capita consumption. The factories and industries are producing commodities for the emerging opportunities in the global market consumed a high percentage of carbon. On the other hand, per capita income associated with household carbon consumption was increasing at a decreasing rate over the years and peaked in 2000. At a per capita consumption of 1300Kgce, the total consumption was at a high of 1450Mtce in 2007. Even though, China began consuming more carbon in the 1980s, the country experienced rapid growth in the 21st century seen a sharp increase in total consumption between 1999 and 2007. It

Relationship Between Self-confidence and Sports Performance

Relationship Between Self-confidence and Sports Performance Self-confidence is probably the most regularly reported psychological elements considered to have an effect on athletic performance. For instance, as observed by Arkes and Garske (1982), researchers have well-known that the separating elementbetween high and low accomplishment motivation is self-confidence. Athletes who are self-confident and expecting to do well are generally the same athletes who do win. Self-confidence has been operationalized in numerous different ways.These include the constructs of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977, 1997), sport confidence (Vealey, 1986), perceived capability (Harter, 1982; Nicholls, 1984), outcome expectancies (Rotter, 1954), and movement confidence (Griffin Keogh, 1982). Anacknowledged description is the one proposed by Feltz (1988) who shows that self-confidence should be considered as: â€Å" the confidence that one can efficiently perform anexact natural process rather than a global trait that accounts for overall performance optimism. For in stance, one may experience a high point of self-confidence in one’s driving skill in golf only a low level of self-confidence in putting†. Self-confidence, as operationalized by Feltz, is essentially the same as self-efficacy, a construct defined by Bandura (1977). The theory of self-efficacy, which was originated within the structure of a social cognitive theory, has been one of the most widely used theoretical basic for assessing self-confidence in sport and exercise. Self-efficacy was originally projected as an account of the sort of interference procedures utilized in the discussion of anxiety, and has been employed in sport to explain the intervention of achievement behaviors. Granting to the theory, self-efficacy is determined as the cognitions that symbolize the sentences or beliefs that one can successfully accomplish a specific action to create a certain outcome rather than a global threat that account for overall performance optimism (Bandura, 1997). Self-effi cacy is not concerned with the skills of an individual, merely with the assessment of what he or she can get along with her/his expertise (Feltz, 1992; McAuley, 1992). In really simple conditions, self-efficacy represents a variety of situation specific self-confidence (Vealey, 1986). For instance, an individual may feel very positive in her/his ability to perform on the volleyball court, but be totally intimidated at the idea of public speech production. People’s opinion of their personal capabilities has been evinced to be an important determinant of choice of activity, how much effort is expended in those activities, persistence in the face of aversive stimuli, thought forms, and emotional reactions (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997). When confronted with stressful stimuli, low-efficacious individuals tend to break up, assign the failure internally, and have greater anxiety or depression (Bandura, 1982). Judgment of self-efficacy is based on four major sources of information: Past performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, persuasion, and physiological states (Bandura, 1977). Performance accomplishments are the most reliable and influential sources of efficacy information since they are founded on authentic mastery experiences. This notion is reflected in the hypothesis that mastery attempts that are perceived as a success will facilitate efficacy expectations, whereas attempts perceived as failures will result in lowered efficacy. Once strong feelings of self-efficacy develop through repeated successes, occasional failures will be of little effects.The influence that performance experiences have on self-efficacy depends on the perceived difficulty of the project, the attemptfinished, the quantity of physical leadership received, and the sequential patterns of achievement and disappointment (Bandura, 1986).Successes with difficult projects, tasks tried individually, and task s achieved early in understanding with only unexpecteddisappointment will increase self-efficacy more compared to easy tasks, tasks carried out with external aid, or projects in which repeated failures are seen early in the learning process. Vicarious experiences are sources of efficacy data derived through observing or imagining others engaging in the job to be done.Seeing similar others perform successfully can raise efficacy expectations, especially when the individual perceives similarities with the model in terms of capabilities or personal characteristics (Gould Weiss, 1981; McAuley, 1985). Persuasion is widely used by teachers and coaches in order to motivate people to think that they possess capabilities that will enable them to reach their goal (Gould, Hodge, Peterson, Giannini, 1989). Examples are verbal persuasion, self-talk, imagery, and other cognitive strategies. These techniques are effective when the heightened appraisal is within realistic bounds. Furthermore, persuasion determine by the believability, reputation, reliability, and knowledge of the inducer.Ultimately, one’s physiological state can provide efficacy information through cognitive evaluation of the arousal states. When an increase in arousal is interpreted as an inability to hold away the tasks successfully, efficacy expectations will fall. However, when the individual interprets arousal as being psyched up and quick to perform, efficacy expectations will increase (Bandura, 1986). When discussing efficacy expectations, it is significant to differentiate between personal efficacy and response-outcome expectations (Bandura, 1997).Self-efficacy is a mind of one’s ability to perform at a certain stage, whereas outcome expectancy pertains to one’s judgement that certain behaviors will lead to desired results.For example, one may think that running a marathon in less than two hours will guide to social appreciation, cash, and self-satisfaction (outcome belief), but may uncertainty whether he can actually run that fast (efficacy belief).Bandura (1986) argues that self-efficacy beliefs predict performance better than expected results. Competitive State Anxiety Competitive sport anxiety is very usual in young athletes (Wilson, 2008). Anxiety is a pessimistic reaction that happens when individuals doubt their ability to cope with the situation that causes stress (Humara, 1999). Anxiety can delay an athlete’s ability to completely or normally react. According to Wilson (2008), increased pressure and stress can build up intoanxiety and affect a child’s manners and performance in a sport. Research has identified several possible causes of competitive anxiety. Anshel andDelany (2001) evaluated youth sports competitors, male and female, where the participants evaluated a list of potential origins of intense stress and anxiousness. The results indicated that the intense pressure of the sport, over competitiveness, and negative response increased stress for both males and females (Anshel Delany, 2001). A similar study by Peden (2007) explained that when a player becomes more and more uneasy in some positions due to the surroundings, negative automatic thoughts become more numerous and more negative, which can dominate thinking, wipe out confidence, and harm performance. There is a huge deal of learned inquiry into figuring out approaches that can be used for handling performance anxiety in athletes (Humara, 1999). Specific ways such as relaxation, cognitive restructuring, (Humara, 1999), and positive self-talk method (Peden, 2007) will be discussed in the Implications sections of this study. Multidimensional Anxiety Theory Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith (1990) produced the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory (MAT), which concentratesspecifically on competitive sport anxiety. This particular theory expresses that competitive anxiety is consists of two anxiety state components: cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety.Cognitive state anxiety is set like a fleeting condition of anxiety that contains of worry or an individual’s negative belief or worries about performance, as well as concentrationtrouble and lack of assiduity.Somatic state anxiety can be defined as a fleeting condition of anxiety that contains psychological response symptoms that pass in the soul.Symptoms of somatic state anxiety include extreme sweating, increased heart rate, wobbly, or tension (Martens et al., 1990). According to Martens and researchers (1990), somatic state anxiety may be categorized out as a vulgar reaction to opposition and can result in absolutely no needed problems to perform.However, a growth in cognitive state anxiety in an athlete can make awareness and concentration dysfunction and a mental growth process of worry and self-doubt.An absence of awareness and focus while taking part in sports can harmfully have an effect on entire performance. Possiblesituations of cognitive state anxiety are negative verbal feedback, insufficient of preparedness for competition, a bad attitude or mindset towards a past poor performance, or negative prospective of other individuals for example team members, family members, and coaches (Marten et al., 1990). Anxiety negatively affects an individual’s psychological and physical capabilities to accomplish (Hardy, 1996).A negative effect of competitive sport anxiety is distress (Selye, 1987).Distress happens when an individual is actually up against objectives that may happen in an improvement process of demand, and needs coping management, and reoccurring issue or difficulty with young athletes because of their lack of abilities, several overall performance mistakes, or failure to create away with tense circumstances (Peden, 2007). As an effect of enduring competitive anxiety resulting in burnout and other mental and physiological problems, drawback from the sport can become a standard escape for young and adolescents. Multidimensional Anxiety Theory shows that in relation to performance, cognitive anxiety knowledgeable within an individual will illustrate a negative linear relationship and somatic anxiety will prove and inverted ‘U’ relationship (Martens et al., 1990).The inverted ‘U’ relationship describes that in an individual’s somatic state, procedure should be bad at very low levels of somatic state anxiety, maximum at an advanced level of somatic state anxiety, and then become more and more worse as somatic anxiety increases past the optimal level (Perreault Marisi, 1997). The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) is a study based on the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory build to measure competitive state anxiety (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith, 1990).The CSAI-2 investigates the present state of competitive anxiety of an athlete by calculating current anxiety states of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence in athletes just before to competition (Martens et al., 1990).The CSAI-2 offered as the major instrumentation used for this questions. Past research are delivered to check out the estimations of the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory applying the CSAI-2 in addition to several revised types of the instrument.Chamberlain and Hale (2007) examined relationships between the amount as well as directional areas of competitive sport anxiety. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2D (direction) was useful to assess the state anxiety intensity and direction of 12 experienced, basic male golfers starting in age from 20-22 years.The CSAI-2D is equal to the initial CSAI-2 apart from the seven-level degree which usually assess path.In parliamentary law to appraise both the negative linear and inverted ‘U’ relationship described in the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory, anxiety and performance rating from similar positioning duties carried out under three different anxiety-manipulated competitive conditions were utilized.Solutions suggested that cognitive anxiety intensity proven a poor linear relationship with performan ce and somatic anxiety intensity displaying a curvilinear relationship with performance.Multiple regression examinessuggested that course, which paid for 42% of the deviation, was an even better predictor of overall performance than intensity, which accounted for only 22% of the deviation. Findings decided with the original MAT hypothesis (Chamberlain Hale, 2007). The modified inventory contained of the three pre-existing subscales of the CSAI-2 (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) but as an alternative of 9 items per scale it comprises of five items per subscale, ensuing in a 15-item scale.Researchers finished a confirmatory aspectevaluation of the CSAI-2C to assess the level to which the three-dimension model of competitive anxiety composed from the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory backed with regards to other designs (Stadulis et al., 2002).After evaluating 632 children ages 8-12 years old, internal consistency coefficients (i.e., Cronbach’s Alpha) for the three subscales were: Cognitive anxiety state, ÃŽ ±=.75; Somatic anxiety state, ÃŽ ± =.78; and state self-confidence, ÃŽ ± =.73. The entiretool internals consistency deducted in a value in.96 (Stadulis et al., 2002). Summary of the Chapter Professional football players as we know are elite football players that involves in a high level of sport competition. Sports offer players with organizations and programs from which they can help through skill development and enhanced self-confidence. Unfortunately, some professional players experience competitive sport anxiety, which can negatively affect their performance. Competitive sport anxiety can make athletes to lose focus, worry, and become anxious towards competition. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-confidence and competitive sport anxiety on Johor professional football players. This research can be helpful to coaches and officers of the professional football teams because it can detect the level of anxiety among players and if it related to self-confidence. The information may support coaches and officers of the professional football teams to take precautions such as modifying training programs and techniques, or coaching education on ways to help lower or prevent sport performance anxiety in professional football players.

The Dual Nature of Man in Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman B

The Dual Nature of Man in "Young Goodman Brown" In "Young Goodman Brown," Hawthorne tells the story of one man’s loss of faith in the human race. As Goodman Brown travels into the woods one night, he is sees the innermost secrets and desires of the people he once placed upon a pedestal. He sees that humans are evil by nature, and this causes him to lose faith in his fellow man. By viewing the story as an allegory, the journey into the woods is associated with the Puritan concept of justification. The Puritans viewed justification, or the means by which one receives the salvation of Christ, as a psychological journey into the "hell (or evil) of the self" (Soler). Goodman Brown fails to complete his process of individuation because he cannot come to terms with the dual Apollonian and Dionysian nature of his being. The Puritans believed that to be justified, one must let go of his worldly dependence and strive to live a life free of sin (Soler), making the story an allegory â€Å"in its treatment of the nature and consequences of the Puritan belief in the total depravity of man† (Waggoner 250). This would have had an impact on the development of the psyche, as the ego struggled to repress certain instincts that the superego deemed as sinful based on Puritanical beliefs. To understand the effects that Puritanism has on the psyche, one must also realize that Puritanism depraved the human spirit of both Dionysian and Apollonian instincts. Even though it favored Apollonian in the sense that it supported a distancing from the world, it does not support the development of the individual, which is associated with Apollo. Puritan Society frowned upon expressing one’s individuality (that is why, besides the obvious dishonor, wea... ... The Continuum Publishing Company, New York, 1995. Soler, Angie. "The Journey Into the Puritan Heart: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown’" Dr. Jim Wohlpart. American Literature and Analysis Web Site. Florida Gulf Coast University. 1998. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown and Other Short Stories. Appelbaum, Stanley, ed. Dover Thrift Edition. General Publishing Company, Canada. 1992. Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Revised Edition. Twayne’s United States Authors Series. G.K. Hall & Company. Massachusetts. 1983. Foster, Jr., John Burt. Heirs to Dionysus: A Nietzschean Current in Literary Modernism. Princeton University Press. New Jersey. 1981. Male, Roy R. Hawthorne’s Tragic Vision. University of Texas Press. Austin. 1957. Waggoner, Hyatt H. Hawthorne: A Critical Study. Harvard University Press. Massachusetts. 1955.

Chemistry Project Essay

Caffeine is a naturally-occurring stimulant, found in several plants. Caffeine is water soluble, and is extracted into the brewed cup when preparing tea, coffee, or other caffeinated drinks. The most well-known plants containing caffeine are the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, coffee, yerba matà ©, and guayusa. Although tea is known to have a number of health benefits, heavy caffeine use is known to have unpleasant effects and negative impacts on health, including anxiety and insomnia, and for this reason many tea drinkers seek to moderate their caffeine intake. The amount of caffeine in tea tends to be low, but is high enough to be a matter of concern for people drinking large quantities of tea, as well as people sensitive to caffeine for medical reasons. The Caffeine Molecule How much caffeine is in tea? The caffeine content of tea varies widely from one tea to the next, and depends on how the tea is brewed, but tends to be within the range of 15-70mg per 8 ounce cup. Caffeine can also be measured in terms of milligrams of caffeine per grams of dry tea. A teaspoon of dry tea leaves tends to weigh around 2.5 grams, the amount usually used to make a single cup, although this varies greatly by the type of tea. One study of the caffeine content of teas (after steeping) found that the caffeine content of tea varied from about 3 mg/g to 30mg/g, which would result in a cup of tea containing between 7.5 mg and 75 mg of tea. In most cases, tea has much less caffeine than coffee; a typical cup of coffee contains 80-135 mg of caffeine. However, it is important to note that these figures are per cup, not per serving, and in the case of large serving sizes, and also with espresso and other heavily-caffeinated drinks, the caffeine per serving can be considerably higher. In the U.S. the standard â€Å"small† serving size is 12 ounces. A recent study of commercial coffee vendors in Australia found that roughly a quarter of espresso samples contained over 120 mg of caffeine per serving, about 1/8th contained 167 mg or more per serving, and the highest contained 214 mg per serving. The authors of this study concluded that the most often-cited figures on caffeine content of coffee tend to underestimate the actual caffeine content. How much caffeine is safe to consume? To place these figures in perspective, the current consensus of the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists is that it is safe for pregnant women to consume up to 200 mg of caffeine daily. For the general public, the Mayo clinic recommends that 200-300 mg of caffeine daily is safe, but that 500-600 mg daily can cause a number of health problems. If drinking a relatively stronger tea containing 60mg / cup, 8 cups a day would be a safe amount, or 3 for pregnant women. For a weaker tea, with 30mg / cup, twice this amount would still be a safe amount of caffeine. Keep in mind that different people react differently to caffeine, so an amount that is safe or unpleasant for one person may not be healthy for everyone. L-theanine in tea interacts with caffeine In addition to caffeine, tea also contains L-theanine; theanine can interact with caffeine, allowing a smaller dose of caffeine to have a stronger effect in terms of boosting concentration and alertness. This may explain why tea seems to provide a stronger boost in alertness for some people than one would expect from its caffeine content alone. Do black, green, or white teas contain more or less caffeine? Many tea companies, and even some reputable entities such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, have made misleading generalizations about the caffeine content of broad classes of tea. It is a widespread myth that black tea contains more caffeine than green tea, and another myth that white tea contains the least caffeine of all teas. Studies that have actually examined the caffeine content of a large number of different teas have consistently found that caffeine levels vary more among individual teas than across broad categories of tea such as black, white, green, oolong, or pu-erh. A study published in 2005 in the Journal of Food Science listed, among other things, the caffeine content of 77 different teas, and found a broad range of caffeine content among both green and black teas. Surprisingly, the tea in this study that was found to contain the most caffeine was a white tea, solidly dispelling the myth about white tea’s caffeine content. A more recent study in the 2008 Journal of Analytical Toxicology examined the caffeine contents of a number of teas, and found that they ranged from 14 to 61 mg per 6 or 8 oz serving, with â€Å"no observable trend in caffeine concentration due to the variety of tea†. Very few tea companies have examined the caffeine content of a large number of samples of their teas; one that has, Camellia Sinensis Tea House, found similar results, that the caffeine level varies widely from one tea to the next, and does not show clear trends of caffeine levels across different varieties of teas. One possible exception to this observation is that matcha is known to contain very high levels of caffeine, consistently much higher than other teas. This is due in part to higher caffeine levels in the leaf used to produced matcha, but it is also due to the fact that, because matcha is a powdered tea, the entire tea leaf is consumed when brewing, so a cup of prepared matcha contains 100% of the caffeine in the leaf. What determines the amount of caffeine in a particular tea? Caffeine protects the tender young leaf buds of the tea plant from being eaten by insects. There are so many different factors influencing the caffeine content of tea, that it is very hard to make generalizations predicting the caffeine content of tea. Caffeine levels vary widely from one particular tea to the next. The only certain way to know the caffeine level of a particular tea is to actually test it in a laboratory. Tea can be made from different parts of the tea plant, and these parts contain different quantities of caffeine. Leaf buds (tips) and younger leaves are higher in caffeine than older, mature leaves. This pattern can be explained by the fact that, for the tea plant, caffeine acts a natural insecticide, serving to protect the plant against being eaten by insects. Since the tips and tender young leaves are most vulnerable to insects, these parts of the plant are highest in caffeine; the older leaves are tougher and thus lower in caffeine. â€Å"Tippy† teas such as Yunnan Gold or Silver Needle White Tea (Bai Hao Yinzhen) are thus higher in caffeine than large-leaf teas such as Lapsang Souchong, a black tea (Souchongs are made of mature leaves) or Shou Mei, a white tea. The varietal (cultivar or specific horticultural variety) of tea plant used to produced tea can profoundly affect caffeine levels in tea. Varietal is independent of type of tea (green, white, black, oolong, etc.), and different types of tea can be produced from the same varietal. Variation in caffeine content among different varietals can lead to teas grown under similar conditions, with similar appearance and other qualities, having different caffeine levels. Roasting can also reduce the caffeine levels in tea. In the 2005 study mentioned above, one particular sample of Hojicha, a Japanese roasted green tea, was found to have less caffeine even than some decaffeinated teas. Oolong teas are usually roasted to varying degrees, and can be lower in caffeine, although like all types of tea, oolong teas vary greatly in caffeine content. It should be noted that the roasting processes both for hojicha and oolongs vary greatly, and the caffeine content of most of these teas has not been extensively studied, so it is not safe to conclude that hojicha or roasted oolong is necessarily low in caffeine. The blending of tea with caffeine-free ingredients to produce flavored teas can result in a lower total caffeine content so long as less total tea leaf is used in the blend. Scenting tea with flowers or flavoring tea with essential oils of plants does not add as much weight as blending with loose herbs, and thus does not lower the caffeine content (by weight) of the blend as much. How you brew tea affects caffeine content The quantity of leaf used and the length of time the leaves are steeped both directly influence the caffeine content of the final cup of tea. Using more leaves and steeping for a longer time both increase the caffeine in the resulting cup. Our page on brewing tea has more discussion of how to brew tea. Can you â€Å"decaffeinate† your own tea by steeping it briefly in water? Short answer: no. A number of sources make the claim that you can â€Å"decaffeinate† your own tea by making a brief infusion in hot water, and then discarding this infusion. Unfortunately, this process does not work; if it did, tea companies would not have to resort to expensive and involved decaffeination processes to produce decaf tea. Caffeine tends to diffuse in hot water at the same rate as many of the chemicals responsible for the flavor and aroma of tea, so if the tea still tastes flavorful, it probably still contains caffeine. Most (but not all) herbal teas contain no caffeine Although caffeine does occur in a number of plants, the overwhelming majority of herbal teas are caffeine free. The most notable exception is Yerba mate. Other plants containing caffeine are very rare as ingredients in herbal tea. In addition to exploring other herbal teas, people desiring caffeine-free tea-like drinks might want to try South African rooibos and honeybush, two plants which are often described as being similar to tea in flavor, health benefits, and manner of production.

Free Essays on Capitalism Vs. Socialism

CAPITALISM vs. SOCIALISM Capitalism and Socialism are both types of systems in different societies throughout the world that have been successful at times, but also not so fortunate in it’s success at other times throughout history. When discussing Capitalism and Socialism we are asked if we desire a moral or immoral system, if we’d rather have our own freedom or a tyranny, and if we’d prefer prosperity or poverty!?! What would you choose? One distinct system of economic organizations that exists is Capitalism. Capitalism is a social system based on the recognition of individual rights, including property rights, in which all property is privately owned. Capitalism is based on the right to property. Property is acquired through trade, which is a trade in values. Those who believe in this system believe in the theory â€Å" if you do something good for me, I will do something good for you.† Capitalism is the only system that doesn’t deprive the individual of his rights. The right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, are all fulfilled in Capitalism. People are free from the use unearned force by the government, free to acquire and keep property, and live in an ethical way. Capitalism allows progress through the value of work. Productiveness is the virtue of creating material values, and in a free market, such a virtue is a necessity to trade. Capitalism is fine in many aspects of socie ty, especially when we are interested in wants as opposed to needs. If one were interested in luxuries Capitalism would be an excellent choice. The other distinct system of economical organization is Socialism. Socialism is a system, which is defined by governmental ownership and property, Socialism is against all basic rights: by using unearned force on its citizens, it removes from them the right to property. By using force and forbidding them to use this property, it therefore also affects the right to liberty... Free Essays on Capitalism Vs. Socialism Free Essays on Capitalism Vs. Socialism CAPITALISM vs. SOCIALISM Capitalism and Socialism are both types of systems in different societies throughout the world that have been successful at times, but also not so fortunate in it’s success at other times throughout history. When discussing Capitalism and Socialism we are asked if we desire a moral or immoral system, if we’d rather have our own freedom or a tyranny, and if we’d prefer prosperity or poverty!?! What would you choose? One distinct system of economic organizations that exists is Capitalism. Capitalism is a social system based on the recognition of individual rights, including property rights, in which all property is privately owned. Capitalism is based on the right to property. Property is acquired through trade, which is a trade in values. Those who believe in this system believe in the theory â€Å" if you do something good for me, I will do something good for you.† Capitalism is the only system that doesn’t deprive the individual of his rights. The right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, are all fulfilled in Capitalism. People are free from the use unearned force by the government, free to acquire and keep property, and live in an ethical way. Capitalism allows progress through the value of work. Productiveness is the virtue of creating material values, and in a free market, such a virtue is a necessity to trade. Capitalism is fine in many aspects of socie ty, especially when we are interested in wants as opposed to needs. If one were interested in luxuries Capitalism would be an excellent choice. The other distinct system of economical organization is Socialism. Socialism is a system, which is defined by governmental ownership and property, Socialism is against all basic rights: by using unearned force on its citizens, it removes from them the right to property. By using force and forbidding them to use this property, it therefore also affects the right to liberty...

Gregor Mendel Essays (549 words) - Biology, Genetics, Free Essays

Gregor Mendel Essays (549 words) - Biology, Genetics, Free Essays Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel played a huge role in the underlying principles of genetic inheritance. Gregor was born, July 22 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austrian Silesia (now known as Hyncice, Czech Republic), with the name Johann Mendel. He changed his name to Gregor in 1843. He grew up in an Augustinian brotherhood and he learned agricultural training with basic education. He then went on to the Olmutz Philosophical Institute and later entered the Augustinian Monastery in 1843. After 3 years of theological studies, Mendel went to the University of Vienna, where 2 professors influenced him; the physicist Doppler and a botanist named Unger. Here he learned to study science through experimentation and aroused his interest in the causes of variation in plants. He returned to Brunn in 1854 where he was a teacher until 1868. Mendel died January 6 1884. In 1857, Mendel began breeding garden peas in the abbey garden to study inheritance, which lead to his law of Segregation and independent assortment. Mendel observed several characteristics of the garden peas which include: plant height (tallness/shortness), seed color (green/yellow), seed shape (smooth/wrinkled), seed-coat color (gray/white), pod shape (full/constricted), pod color (green/yellow), and flower distribution (along length/ at end of stem). Mendel keep careful records of his experiments and first reported his findings at a meeting of the Brunn Natural History Society. The results of Mendel's work were published in 1866 as Experiments with Plant Hybrids in the society's journal. Mendel's Law of Segregation stated that the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis and is distributed to different gametes. This hypothesis can be divided into four main ideas. The first idea is that alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters. Different alleles will create different variations in inherited characters. The second idea is that for each character, an organism inherits two genes, one for each parent. So that means that a homologous loci may have matching alleles, as in the true-breeding plants of Mendel's P generation (parental). If the alleles differ, then there will be F hybrids. The third idea states that if the two alleles differ, the recessive allele will have no affect on the organism's appearance. So an F hybrid plant that has purple flowers, the dominant allele will be the purple-color allele and the recessive allele would be the white-color allele. The idea is that the two genes for each character segregate during gamete production. Independent assortment states that each member of a pair of homologous chromosome segregates during meiosis independently of the members of other pairs so that alleles carried on different chromosomes are different distributed randomly to the gametes. Mendel's work was not recognized right away as an important scientific breakthrough. In 1868 Mendel was promoted to abbot at the monastery and gave up his experiments. Aside from his fellow monks and his students his work was ignored. In fact the importance of Mendel's work was not discovered until 1900, sixteen years after his death. His work was discovered by three European scientists: Hugo De Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich Tschermak, working independently as they preformed their own similar experiments. They credited Gregor Mendel as the discoverer of the laws of heredity. In conclusion, Mendel's work was very important to the science community, and is to this day being studied. All his work was done without himself ever receiving credit while he was alive. His laws of heredity are still used today and he now has received credit as the discoverer of the laws of heredity.

Free Trade Zones in UAE and Economic Development Research Paper - 1

Free Trade Zones in UAE and Economic Development - Research Paper Example In a free trade zone, all the imports are free from duties and all the exports from this region are free from restrictions but only when those goods reach to other destinations, they become subject to the local custom rules. Ireland was the first country to come up with this idea and the main purpose was to industrialize the rural areas of the country and attract foreign investment to induce the economy and provide better employment to the locals (Davidson, 2008). United States, China, Brazil, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Philippines and many other countries have various free trade zones, all for the same purpose (Krane, 2009). United Arab Emirates is the recent addition to the list of the countries, which are looking for aggressive economic growth and one of the approaches taken for the same is setting up various free trade zones in order to encourage foreign direct investment (Oxford Business Group, 2010). The country has over 20 free trade zones and the paper is an attempt to shed some light on the free trade zones of Dubai Media City and Abu Dhabi Airport (Barrett, 2010). The paper will discuss their positive and negative contributions to the economy of UAE, benefits to investors and strategies for growth. Furthermore, the paper will also shed some light on the differences between employment rules in the free trade zones and other areas of the country. Discussion Dubai Media City It was in the year 2001 when the Dubai government launched Dubai Media City as a free trade zone that has now become the regional hub of media companies in the Middle Eastern regions. Reputable media companies such as CNN, BBC, GEO Tv, ARY Digital, Bloomberg, Cartoon Network, CCTV Orbit Showtime, CNBC and others have set up their regional headquarters and broadcasting centers in the city. Furthermore, Financial Times, The Sunday times, The Economist and other well known print media companies have their regional centers in the Dubai Media City. McGraw Hill, Forbes, ITP Publishing Gro up and other leading players in the publishing are also located in the city. On top of these, the city takes great pride in the fact that headquarters of the ICC (international Cricket Council, the supreme governing body of cricket worldwide) is located in Dubai Media City. Over 1400 companies are registered and operating in the Dubai Media city (Krane, 2009). Over the past decade of its existence, the Dubai Media City has been instrumental in boosting the economic growth of the country. Furthermore, not only it has helped to provide employment to the local people however as of today, Dubai Media City is the home to thousands of people skilled, trained, experienced and learned in media related jobs. Many foreign students come to Dubai for their media studies considering the exposure that they could get from Dubai Media City. Foreign Direct Investment has kept on increasing and the tourism and hospitality industry has received great deal of business (Kanna, 2011). The downside of all this economic growth is the fact that this economic growth cannot be termed as sustainable or long-term growth. Despite the fact that the GDP of the region and the country has increased greatly due to the presence of huge media companies, however, these companies have ended up with employing a significant majority of expatriates, non-locals and non-Emiratis (Oxford Business Group, 2010). These percentages range from 80 percent to 99 percent. The point

Roles of Psychiatric Nurses in Mental Health Nursing Essay

Roles of Psychiatric Nurses in Mental Health Nursing - Essay Example At the same time, some contemporary cultures are more tolerant, and their beliefs suggest that family and community members are keys to the care and treatment of the mentally ill. The impact of longstanding beliefs and values on care provision: Mental health nurses are from the population, and before being mental health nurses, they were lay people. Therefore, it is very likely that the beliefs and values about mental health deeply ingrained in societies would be carried forward in the nurses, unless they acquire mental health literacy. It is ironical that while amongst the nurses, the importance of health literacy in terms of physical health is well recognised, even among them, the area of mental health literacy is comparatively ignored. Prejudice, stereotyping, and stigma of the healthcare professionals in the psychological health field has influenced care traditionally, mainly because of the fact that those are difficult to change, and if this occurs in the mental health nurses, would influence the care outcome. When nurses understand different cultures as they relate to individual feelings and motivations, they will be better equipped to adapt mental health care to the backgrounds and lifestyles of their clients. It is a matter of growing concern and an important issue in delivery of mental health care in the Australian Healthcare System. According to the DHS (1998) one of the roles of the psychiatric nurse is to have an awareness of stigma and the ability to challenge their beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and bias about mental disorder. It is required by the standards of practice to implement this changing "attitude" of the nurses into practice to eliminate discrimination in practice, and therefore, "Reflecting on practice, feelings and beliefs and the consequences of these for individuals/groups is an important professional benchmark" (ANMC, 2006). Nursing care of people with psychiatric illnesses and emotional problems very frequently are more complex because of cultural differences between the nurses' and patients' backgrounds and cultural heritages. It is important for nurses to understand clearly the thinking and perspectives of other cultures and groups, especially to which their clients belong. Because treating mental disorders is intertwined with peoples' attitudes about themselves, their beliefs, values, and ways of interacting with their families and communities, it is crucial that psychiatric nurses be culturally competent in their practice. The awareness about these factors leads to knowledge and alteration of beliefs about mental disorders in nurses, and this alteration would aid the recognition, better management, and efficient prevention of these disorders. This awareness has several components including the ability to recognise specific disorders or different types of psychological distress, knowledge and beliefs about risk factors and causes, knowledge and beliefs about interventions, and attitudes that facilitate recognition and offer help. Poor knowledge about mental illness and negative attitude towards patients suffering from mental illness is widespread among the mental health workers including nurses. Educational interventions can reduce stigma, and as noted earlier, stigmatizing opinions are not related to knowledge. Mental health

Clinical Intervention Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clinical Intervention Paper - Essay Example Arc of Westchester is the most extensive care-giving agency in the county of Westchester. The agency cares for both children and adults who have been affected by autism coupled with other developmental problems or disabilities. It was founded in 1949 and has over 800 employees serving over 1000 special-needs individuals. Other services provided by the agency include family services, education services for its occupants and employment for persons with disabilities. The agency receives the funds necessary for its operations from donations. The Westchester Arc understands that some families who have a child with intellectual disabilities have difficulties in coping with the unique behavioral problems of their children with special needs. Medicaid Service Coordination helps individuals and their families who are eligible for Medicaid, to coordinate a wide range of services. These include access to government services and advocacy for services, including medical assessments and appointment, training and professional development, educational, recreational resources and housing. The county experienced a population growth of 3%, that is, from 923,459 to 949,113 according to the census conducted in 2010. The population growth was as a result of the increase in the number of people of Hispanic and Latino origin in the county. The increase in the Hispanic population was registered as 62,908 and now accounts for 22% of the total population in the county. The Chester port and Sleepy Hollow are majorly occupied by People of Latino and Hispanic origins. The Hispanic and Latino population constitutes 59% of the total population in Port Chester and 51% in Sleepy Hollow. Katonah defines a minute town within New York. The people of Katonah reside within small settlement schemes and their population density is low because the city is considered as being a hamlet. According to the US Census 2010, the Katonah

World War II Essay Example for Free

World War II Essay During the Eisenhower administration many changes were taking place in American culture. Following World War II, the country experienced a period of industrialization and growth like never before, especially in terms of the economy and the American family. Post- World War II the so-called â€Å"baby boom† occurred, a period when birth rates rose as a result of the soldiers coming home from the war and due to the young ages of people who were marrying, but also the booming economy with the emerging middle-class suburban culture drastically changed the way people viewed their lives. They were comfortable, able to afford nice things, like cars and other newly developed appliances, as well as the small suburban houses that kept them close enough to the cities to find work, but far enough way that they could create a quiet, peaceful life. All of these factors helped develop a culture of consumption, a culture where people had some disposable income due to their middle-class economy and larger amounts of couples with children in the market to buy. This consumption helped create a booming housing market, department stores, new inventions to make life easier like kitchen appliances, and a strong automobile industry. This large-scale, new-found getting and spending formed an entirely new culture that continues today, in many respects. The way people within the country viewed America was very favorably. They saw this new way of life as being wonderful and much better than what their parents would have experienced. With many young, professional suburban couples coming from all walks of life, from urban to rural, they would have seen the life of suburbia as a haven where they could raise a family, buy a home, and use their disposable income to buy things they wanted, instead of just what they needed. The rest of the world would have viewed this aspect of American culture as a paradise, a dream-life that many could not fathom having for themselves because of America’s strong economy.

Introduction of The Book of Common Prayer

Introduction of The Book of Common Prayer Introduction The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) or to give it its full title when published (in modern spelling) The Book of the Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites of the Church: after the Use of the Church of England is considered by many to be one of the priceless possessions of the English people, ranking alongside the first printed Bible in English and the plays of the quintessential English playwright William Shakespeare. It has been said, with some justice, that the words of this Prayer Book have been recited by English-speakers far more frequently than the speeches and soliloquies of Shakespeare.[1] First published in 1549, with authorship credited to the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556), the book has been utilised by Christians throughout the world since, apart from 2 short periods of time between 1553 to 1558 and 1645 to 1660, having many of its phrases becoming part of our everyday language and still influencing the worship and devotions of millions of Christians today. The BCP comes to us in a number of guises, and is usually referred to by the year of its introduction. The first book of 1549 was rapidly succeeded by versions in 1552 and then 1559. The final version on which the present book is based is that of 1662. Each of the four versions feature a common layout and are related to each other however the content of each book shows considerable revision and thought in terms of theology, political and intellectual context. In a sense the BCP can be looked on as a wonderful example of a book which contains a whole history within it.[2] In order to analyse the impact of the introduction of the BCP some knowledge of the history lying behind the book is essential in order to demonstrate the seismic changes it brought about. Pre-BCP Period. The first version of the BCP was introduced in 1549 during the reign of King Edward VI however its roots were most definitely to be found growing during the reign of Henry VIII and the Protestant Reformation movement that had spread from Europe to Henrys England and influenced his Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. Henry was a Roman Catholic and would remain a Catholic until his death in 1547 despite his break from Rome over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and the Act of Supremacy of 1534 which cut the ties of the English Church from that of Rome and made English monarchs the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Although there was an impetus given by the Reformation movement and Cranmers plans for reform, worship in England remained largely catholic, no uniformity of services but with little tinkerings of the liturgy here and there. There had been suggestions that in the late 1530s Cranmer was engaged in crafting services but nothing was ever published. A definite tinkering though followed after the 1536 sermon by Bishop Hugh Latimer (1487-1555) when he called for the services of matrimony and baptism to be conducted in English.[3] In 1535 the first English Bible produced by Coverdale was allowed to be used, followed in 1537 by Matthews Bible and then Coverdales revised Great Bible in 1539. On the orders of Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540), who was Henrys Vicegerent in Scripturals and Vicar-general, in 1543 an English Bible was to be placed in every church and chapel in the land from which the clergy were to integrate readings in English into Sunday worship. Also in 1543 Tudor rationalisation ordered that this realm shall have one Use[4], the Rite of Sarum[5] from the diocese of Salisbury, that had been amended to remove all references to both the Pope and St Thomas à   Becket.[6] The Sarum Use, which had been in use since the 12/13th century, comprised a number of large service books that the clergy had to use Breviary, Missal, Manual and Pontifical, along with books such as the Diurnal and the Pie, all of which were necessary in order to give directions to the everyday services. Most significant though was that the Use was written and said in Latin and thus these were books largely of the clergy and not the laity. By the end of the first decade after the Act of Supremacy, of 1534, several key changes had been introduced into the English Church, most notably the purging of all Roman authority and Papal references, integration of the use of English in parts of some worship, a state control over liturgy and in particular a requirement for uniformity and the influence of Protestant elements. An important landmark in this budding tradition is reached in 1544 with the introduction of the first officially approved state liturgy written totally in the vernacular English. Cranmers Litany was revolutionary, taking as it did a processional service designed to whip up both religious and patriotic fervour, in this case as a prelude to Henrys invasion of France, and not only having it all said in English but incorporating Lutheran reform and omitting the very Catholic invocations of the many saints. Henrys enforced policy of strict Catholic doctrine and practice made any kind of official advancement towards Reformed liturgical practice move quite slowly, however, the Reform movement continued to apply pressure leading Cranmer to pursue for some further degree of uniformity that would quieten reform advocates for a time.[7] This end was achieved by the issue in 1545 of The Primer set forth by the Kings majesty and his Clergy simply known as The Kings Book, a means of providing one uniform Primer[8] with all others to be withdrawn from sale. Whilst the contents were traditional the primer was available in both Latin and English and was an opportunity from Cranmer to tinker slightly with some of the contents to give them a more Reformed look. Other small but significant reforms by Cranmer followed, a more conservative Daily Office was drafted and a number of ceremonies and customs were abolished for being superstitious. Henry VIII died in January 1547 and was succeeded to the English throne by his 9 year old son, Edward VI. Edward had been brought up in the household of Catherine Parr (1512-1548), the sixth and final wife of Henry VIII, and was very influenced by her Protestant sympathies of the New Learning. Due to his young age he was also surrounded, influenced and advised by his privy council who were also Protestant leaning. With a protestant King now on the English throne the way was now clear for Cranmer to press on with liturgical adaptations and reform that had been stifled under Henry. At the heart of Cranmers reforms of the English expression of religion was uniformity thus work began on a number of texts to bring this about and at the same time appease English reformers. One of the first of these texts was the Book of Homilies issued in July 1547, six months after the accession of Edward. This book contained twelve homilies, containing theology most amenable to the Reformation, that by royal decree were to be preached on each Sunday. At the same time a set of Injunctions appeared for a general visitation of the whole country to ensure that directions regarding the use of the vernacular for Bible readings , the use of an official Homily and a whole raft of other Reformed instructions were carried out.[9] Early in 1548 a significant change was introduced in the form of the Order of the Communion which amongst other things required for provision of the Communion in both kinds[10] to all, clergy and laity alike, which was a big feature in Reformed theology.[11] Whilst the country was becoming accustomed to the appearance and use that these reforms and changes brought about in their worship, Cranmer, along with a committee of certain of the most learned and discreet bishops and other learned men,[12] proceeded apace to work on a new form of consolidated prayer book for the whole kingdom. In 1549 this new book was published and given an into service date of Whit-Sunday 1549.[13] The 1549 Book of Common Prayer introduced The 1549 BCP can be viewed as a logical first step towards a fully English Protestantism although perhaps not a full blown Reformed package of new services. Although influenced by continental reformers this first book is very much more a revision of the old service book of the English church.[14] According to Procter and Frere, simplicity was achieved by the omission of a number of the medieval offices and doctrinal changes against, for example, the theory of transubstantiation and other more popular misconceptions; they see this first book as being less of a composition of new material but a reverent, conservative handling of the earlier Uses of which large portions were simply translated and retained. Chief among the changes introduced was the need to no longer use a multitude of books by the clergy to provide daily and Sunday worship services, everything needed was now contained in one volume except for a copy of the Bible in order to make lectionary based readings, Second, no longer were the congregation excluded from a full participation in the services as all the services, not just parts, were now to be said in English, so whilst the vast majority of the laity were functionally illiterate they could at least hear and understand the worship gone were to be the days of Hocus Pocus.[15] As well as consolidating all daily and Sunday worship into one book, Cranmer also removed many of the Latin services that he and his Reformer compatriots disliked. Just two Daily Offices were kept rather than the eight of the previous Latin Use[16], Morning and Evening prayer, joined by the Litany and Holy Communion. The BCP also contained the other occasional services necessary to minister congregations from cradle to grave. These included the orders for purification of women, baptism, confirmation, prayers to be said and Holy Communion with the sick, marriage and funerals. To complete the book the BCP also sets out all the Epistle, Gospel and Collect readings for each Sunday Holy Communion service ordered by the liturgical calendar, with the Old and New Testament and Psalm readings for daily prayer set out in a tabular form based on the civic calendar. Reception of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer The introduction of the 1549 BCP received a mixed reception, and in what could be seen as a shrewd move on behalf of the powers that be in anticipation of possible trouble and problems with its introduction, the Act of Uniformity 1549 that introduced the BCP gave it its legal standing as the sole Use. Cranmers aim for the book to be not just about a uniformity of common worship but a vehicle fitting for its expression, which was always dear to his heart,[17] was to be clearly seen in his Preface which pointed out how the homogenization of worship on a national platform and scale gave rise to an exchangeability of worship, such that anyone attending services outside of their own parish would experience a familiarity with services being said across the land something not found under the old Latin Uses. However, the BCP was not universally accepted. There was to be some violent opposition, on the Whit-Monday June 10th, the day after its official introduction date, an uprising began in the West Country demanding, among other things, a return to Mass in Latin, Communion in one kind and only at Easter and restoration of other observances from the time of Henry VIII We will not receive the new service, because it is like a Christmas game[18] they claimed. This sense of opposition from simple peasants can be regarded as typical of many in the land who disliked change in customs, traditions and teachings. For some, for whom the difference between Church and State was minimal, they welcomed a book which did away with the varying diocesan Uses and developed a corporate national feeling. For others, including a number of Cranmers Reforming friends, the book did not go far enough such that a leading opponent of reform, Bishop Stephen Gardiner found the books Eucharistic doctrine not distant from the Catholic faith and would have been prepared to use it had he not been incarcerated in the Tower of London.[19] An examination of the book leads one to the conclusion that the most contentious element, the Holy Communion, can be interpreted in two completely opposite ways, in a way that most Reformers would agree with, and also, in a manner agreeable to those who are entirely opposed to the Reformation. Use of expressions comfortable to both sides of the divide to describe the same thing such as referring to the Service of Holy Communion as the Holy Communion and as the Mass, and references to The Holy Table as the Altar and also as Gods board should not make it surprising that different interpretations could be read into the book. On balance it is apparent that Cranmer was walking a very narrow tight-rope in trying to bring about a significant reform that would be lasting and, in anticipation of the likely reception of the book from both ends of the religious spectrum, he showed admirable pastoral wisdom and sensitivity, advocating caution in the task of weaning the English away from what he saw as ancient error, which nevertheless had rooted itself deeply in the collective imagination, and towards the purer landscape of Protestant worship.[20] Perhaps it is not surprising, therefore, that the Book of Common Prayer of 1549 was not reprinted after the year it was issued and a successor was brought forward in 1552. Cranmer, working with Reformed theologians such as Martin Bucer[21] and against sincere Roman Catholics like Bishop Gardiner produce a revised BCP which reveals a decidedly Reformed evolution, no longer a compromise between the old and the new. Cranmers 1549 The Book of the Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites of the Church: after the Use of the Church of England can theologically be considered to be a child of the English Reformation, designed as a way of uniting people in worship through liturgy where both clergy and laity throughout the land pray together in a common vernacular tongue and both receive the wonderful mystery that is the body and blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, as former Archbishop of Canterbury Lord Carey states, The fundamental purpose of celebrating Common Prayer is this: to help the church as a whole to pray together in a reflective and structured way,[22] words one is certain that Cranmer would have said himself. Bibliography Carey, G., The Daily Office SSF by Society of St Francis (Mowbray, Continuum International PG, 2010). Cuming, G.J., A History of Anglican Liturgy (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969). Cummings, B., Ed. The Book of Common Prayer: the texts of 1549, 1559 and 1662 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011). Dean, J., God truly worshipped: Thomas Cranmer and his writings (Norwich, Canterbury Press, 2012). Hefling, C., Shattuck, C., Ed. The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006). MacCulloch, D., A History of Christianity (London, Penguin Group, 2010). Procter, F. Frere, W.H., A New History of The Book of Common Prayer, (London, Macmillan, 1961). Rosendale, T., Liturgy and Literature in the making of Protestant England (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2011). [1] D. MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, (London, Penguin Group, 2010), p.631 [2] B. Cummings, Editor, The Book of Common Prayer: the texts of 1549, 1559 and 1662, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), p.xvi [3] C. Hefling C. Shattuck, Editors, The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), p.22 [4] Use the liturgy or services [5] C. Hefling C. Shattuck, Editors, The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), p.23 [6] T. Rosendale, Liturgy and Literature in the making of Protestant England (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011), p.28 St Thomas à   Beckets name was removed as he was seen to be a symbol of church resistance to monarchical control. [7] G.J. Cuming, A History of Anglican Liturgy, (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969), p.58 [8] Primer = A manual of devotions including expositions of the Creed, Decalogue, Graces and prayers. [9] G.J. Cuming, A History of Anglican Liturgy, (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969), p.60 for a more detailed list of visitation requirements. [10] Kinds A term to express either Bread and/or Wine [11] John Calvin asserted, against Roman Catholic doctrine, Christ is not present literally in the elements, but he is spiritually present. Those who receive the elements with faith can receive the actual body and blood of Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit which works through the sacrament, a view sometimes known as Receptionism. [12] Further information of the members of the committee in G.J. Cuming, A History of Anglican Liturgy, (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969) p.66 [13] The BCP was allowed to be used before this date with Whit-Sunday being the cut-off date for introduction [14] F. Procter and W.H. Frere, A New History of The Book of Common Prayer, (London, Macmillan, 1961), p.54 [15] Hocus Pocus an expression thought to come from a perversion of the sacramental blessing from the Latin Mass, Hoc est corpus meum This is my body. [16] Eight daily prayer events: Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers and Compline, and the night office, sometimes referred to as Vigils. [17] J. Dean, God truly worshipped: Thomas Cranmer and his writings, (Norwich, Canterbury Press, 2012), p.82 [18] F. Procter and W.H. Frere, A New History of The Book of Common Prayer, (London, Macmillan, 1961), p.56 [19] G.J. Cuming, A History of Anglican Liturgy, (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969), p.96 [20] J. Dean, God truly worshipped: Thomas Cranmer and his writings, (Norwich, Canterbury Press, 2012), p.82 [21] Martin Bucer (1491-1551) Continental Reformer influenced by writings of Luther. Head of Reforms in Strasburg in 1527 but forced to flee to England following Battle of Mà ¼lberg in 1547. Appointed Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge University in December 1549. [22] G. Carey, The Daily Office SSF by Society of St Francis, (Continuum International PG, Mowbray, 2010), Foreword