True love free essay sample

Students, APA formatting is not required, however, you are required to substantiate your responses and opinions  with laws, cases, statutes, codes, regulations or anything else that gives credibility to your answers. Remember, this is a legal class. Also, remember to state issues, integrate facts, discuss both sides of an issue, thoroughly analyze each question in detail, and lastly, conclude, based upon your legal findings and premise. You can have more than one conclusion as long as you argue both sides of an issue. You don’t need one absolute conclusion. The most important thing in law would be your ability to see both sides, argue them, and present alternative conclusions based upon these factors. CASE #1. After two years of research and the investment of considerable funds, Coast-to-Coast Company (CC)  develops  a new product that it hopes will produce substantial profits. CC learns that a competitor, National Sales, Inc. , has made and begun to sell a nearly identical product. We will write a custom essay sample on True love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page CC learns from a reliable source that National paid a CC employee to obtain the plans for CCs product while it was in development. What legal recourse does CC have against National? CASE #2. In 2002, Hawk Corporation begins making and selling electric motorcycles under the mark â€Å"Hawk. † Ten years later, Hawk. com, Inc. , a differ ­ent company selling medical equipment and supplies, begins to use â€Å"hawk† as part of its URL and registers it as a domain name. Can Hawk Corporation stop Hawk. com’s use of â€Å"hawk†? If so, what must the motorcycle-maker show?

George Washington Carver essays

George Washington Carver essays George Washington Carver was famous for his extraordinary work as a botanist. His research and development led to the development of over 300 products. Those include bleach, ink, chili sauce, and paper, plastic, only to name a few. However Carver was only granted patents for 3, those were cosmetic processing, and two different patents for paints and stains. Carver is also known as the savior of southern agriculture because he single handedly convinced congress to put a tariff on peanut imports to protect southern farmers. Further more in 1916 carver was asked to join the USDA because of his extensive insight on farming techniques and skills. Carver was also the first to discover a solution to the damage the crop cotton did to the soil and how to replenish it. His solution was called crop rotation, this worked by getting rid of the entire cotton crop after its growing season then replacing it with a crop that gave the nutrients back to the soil. Carver also did essential discoveries in the medical fields as well. Penol was a medication Carver developed that came from creosote and peanuts designed to treat tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis. However it was only successful for a few years. Industrial developments were also a part of his research. With such developments as making paper from peanuts, created synthetic marble from wood shavings, used cotton in several road-paving processes, made artificial rubber out of sweet potatoes, also a few cosmetic products. And for almost half of his life he did all of this research and development at Tuskegee Institute. 1. All of Georges personality traits helped him in his success but only a few made him famous. From an early age George had an insatiable hunger for knowledge and learning and was always searching of new ways to broaden his education. Also Carver had outstanding people skills. His charm, politeness, and sense of humo...

Khmer Rouge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Khmer Rouge - Essay Example From BBC, it is clear that it was a communist party belonging to Kapuchea. Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, had a reputation for brutality because they used to kill the villagers and the village chiefs. Khmer Rouge group ensured people were dispersed to the forest by burning both villages and major towns where there were huge populations. Moreover, by the time the chaos reached the peak, many Americans had held demonstrations protesting the involvement of United States in Cambodia. Things had gone so badly in Vietnam and their only interest in Southeast Asia was in getting out. Many people ran away from the cities and small towns to avoid Khmer Rouge. According to White (2010, pg. 16) Cambodia was turned into a camp that starved and terrorized people. On April 17 1975, Cambodia fell when Phnom Penh came face to face with the Khmer Rouge. Khmer Rouge was different, and they were dead behind the eyes. When Khmer Rouge took power, they started to re-invent Cambodia by emptying the cities forcing all the residents into the countryside and towards a dark future. Cadre spread the word that the Americans were going to bomb, and everyone had to leave including patients in the hospital. It was a lie and the leaders of Khmer Rouge cleared the capital and other cities so that they could start over. Around noon, everyone started leaving Cambodia, hundreds of thousands of people who were trenching along a few kilometers an hour, and it was truly a staggering sight, incredible. All citizens that lived in Cambodia and were from foreign countries were ferried to the borders by trucks. Khmer Rouge went ahead and created a new country after ensuri ng all foreigners were taken out of the country, and Cambodia was officially sealed. New country was created by killing civilians earnestly. The book by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, (2007, pg. 765) states that Khmer Rouge viewed the Vietnamese as a sacrifice for Cambodia revolution for its own interests. Combined with a burning

A criminal offends because he is caused to do so in a way which the Essay

A criminal offends because he is caused to do so in a way which the non criminal is not. Discuss this claim in relation to positivist criminology - Essay Example Although both of these theories belong to criminology at large but their ideologies are significantly different from one another. This paper aims to study positivist criminology while discussing a distinctive claim made in relation to criminology. Moreover, the two theories positivist and classist criminology would be compared to comprehend their basic functions and real world practicality. Criminology is broadly defined as the comprehensive study of why people indulge in to criminal activities. It also includes the observation of various criminal attitudes and behaviors while focusing on external and internal motivation factors (Understanding Criminology Theories, 2014). Studying criminology significantly helps in controlling crime rate since when investigators know the actual reasons for crime they can act accordingly while rehabilitating the criminal. Different criminology theories address different issues, for instance, some are associated with the individual criminals whereas others focus more towards the criminal’s act. Hence some criminologist suggests that criminals make a conscious choice in order to commit the crime while others suggest that community persuades an individual to act in an offensive manner. Thus they consider it the responsibility of social powers and community leaders to ensure that the inhabitants do not fall in to illegal and unethica l activities. This can be effectively done through providing them safe and protected job opportunities with an addition of sustainable living conditions (Understanding Criminology Theories, 2014). Apart from this, criminologists who believe that individuals have internal motivations and instincts to act violently should be determined during various examinations and psychological tests. They must be put in to different negative situations so as figure out their hidden weaknesses and thinking

Buildings Energy-efficiency Development in Rural Areas of China Case Study

Buildings Energy-efficiency Development in Rural Areas of China - Case Study Example The threat of environmental pollution in China originates from rural China, where the majority of the population continuously uses forms of energy that are major causes of carbon emission and pollutions of the environment. It is not surprising that various researches are continuously conducted to identify alternative ways of reducing carbon emissions in rural Chinese homes. Also, it does not surprise that building energy-efficient development in rural areas of China is one effective solution to this problem of growing carbon emissions. The ability of rural buildings to maintain efficiency in energy conservation and use is determined by its design. As a result, this paper explores traditional hearth (thermal mass) design in rural Chinese homes. Moreover, it evaluates how design influences energy conservation and utilization. China began consuming high amounts of carbon in late 20th century influenced by the spread of the industrial revolution throughout the world (Stolten and V Scherer 895). In 1990, the country continued to experience increased in total carbon consumption, and total consumption reached 650Mtce in 1995 while per capita consumption was at 900kgce in the same year (Slide 1). In the era of the industrial revolution, the total consumption remained higher that per capita consumption. The factories and industries are producing commodities for the emerging opportunities in the global market consumed a high percentage of carbon. On the other hand, per capita income associated with household carbon consumption was increasing at a decreasing rate over the years and peaked in 2000. At a per capita consumption of 1300Kgce, the total consumption was at a high of 1450Mtce in 2007. Even though, China began consuming more carbon in the 1980s, the country experienced rapid growth in the 21st century seen a sharp increase in total consumption between 1999 and 2007. It

Relationship Between Self-confidence and Sports Performance

Relationship Between Self-confidence and Sports Performance Self-confidence is probably the most regularly reported psychological elements considered to have an effect on athletic performance. For instance, as observed by Arkes and Garske (1982), researchers have well-known that the separating elementbetween high and low accomplishment motivation is self-confidence. Athletes who are self-confident and expecting to do well are generally the same athletes who do win. Self-confidence has been operationalized in numerous different ways.These include the constructs of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977, 1997), sport confidence (Vealey, 1986), perceived capability (Harter, 1982; Nicholls, 1984), outcome expectancies (Rotter, 1954), and movement confidence (Griffin Keogh, 1982). Anacknowledged description is the one proposed by Feltz (1988) who shows that self-confidence should be considered as: â€Å" the confidence that one can efficiently perform anexact natural process rather than a global trait that accounts for overall performance optimism. For in stance, one may experience a high point of self-confidence in one’s driving skill in golf only a low level of self-confidence in putting†. Self-confidence, as operationalized by Feltz, is essentially the same as self-efficacy, a construct defined by Bandura (1977). The theory of self-efficacy, which was originated within the structure of a social cognitive theory, has been one of the most widely used theoretical basic for assessing self-confidence in sport and exercise. Self-efficacy was originally projected as an account of the sort of interference procedures utilized in the discussion of anxiety, and has been employed in sport to explain the intervention of achievement behaviors. Granting to the theory, self-efficacy is determined as the cognitions that symbolize the sentences or beliefs that one can successfully accomplish a specific action to create a certain outcome rather than a global threat that account for overall performance optimism (Bandura, 1997). Self-effi cacy is not concerned with the skills of an individual, merely with the assessment of what he or she can get along with her/his expertise (Feltz, 1992; McAuley, 1992). In really simple conditions, self-efficacy represents a variety of situation specific self-confidence (Vealey, 1986). For instance, an individual may feel very positive in her/his ability to perform on the volleyball court, but be totally intimidated at the idea of public speech production. People’s opinion of their personal capabilities has been evinced to be an important determinant of choice of activity, how much effort is expended in those activities, persistence in the face of aversive stimuli, thought forms, and emotional reactions (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997). When confronted with stressful stimuli, low-efficacious individuals tend to break up, assign the failure internally, and have greater anxiety or depression (Bandura, 1982). Judgment of self-efficacy is based on four major sources of information: Past performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, persuasion, and physiological states (Bandura, 1977). Performance accomplishments are the most reliable and influential sources of efficacy information since they are founded on authentic mastery experiences. This notion is reflected in the hypothesis that mastery attempts that are perceived as a success will facilitate efficacy expectations, whereas attempts perceived as failures will result in lowered efficacy. Once strong feelings of self-efficacy develop through repeated successes, occasional failures will be of little effects.The influence that performance experiences have on self-efficacy depends on the perceived difficulty of the project, the attemptfinished, the quantity of physical leadership received, and the sequential patterns of achievement and disappointment (Bandura, 1986).Successes with difficult projects, tasks tried individually, and task s achieved early in understanding with only unexpecteddisappointment will increase self-efficacy more compared to easy tasks, tasks carried out with external aid, or projects in which repeated failures are seen early in the learning process. Vicarious experiences are sources of efficacy data derived through observing or imagining others engaging in the job to be done.Seeing similar others perform successfully can raise efficacy expectations, especially when the individual perceives similarities with the model in terms of capabilities or personal characteristics (Gould Weiss, 1981; McAuley, 1985). Persuasion is widely used by teachers and coaches in order to motivate people to think that they possess capabilities that will enable them to reach their goal (Gould, Hodge, Peterson, Giannini, 1989). Examples are verbal persuasion, self-talk, imagery, and other cognitive strategies. These techniques are effective when the heightened appraisal is within realistic bounds. Furthermore, persuasion determine by the believability, reputation, reliability, and knowledge of the inducer.Ultimately, one’s physiological state can provide efficacy information through cognitive evaluation of the arousal states. When an increase in arousal is interpreted as an inability to hold away the tasks successfully, efficacy expectations will fall. However, when the individual interprets arousal as being psyched up and quick to perform, efficacy expectations will increase (Bandura, 1986). When discussing efficacy expectations, it is significant to differentiate between personal efficacy and response-outcome expectations (Bandura, 1997).Self-efficacy is a mind of one’s ability to perform at a certain stage, whereas outcome expectancy pertains to one’s judgement that certain behaviors will lead to desired results.For example, one may think that running a marathon in less than two hours will guide to social appreciation, cash, and self-satisfaction (outcome belief), but may uncertainty whether he can actually run that fast (efficacy belief).Bandura (1986) argues that self-efficacy beliefs predict performance better than expected results. Competitive State Anxiety Competitive sport anxiety is very usual in young athletes (Wilson, 2008). Anxiety is a pessimistic reaction that happens when individuals doubt their ability to cope with the situation that causes stress (Humara, 1999). Anxiety can delay an athlete’s ability to completely or normally react. According to Wilson (2008), increased pressure and stress can build up intoanxiety and affect a child’s manners and performance in a sport. Research has identified several possible causes of competitive anxiety. Anshel andDelany (2001) evaluated youth sports competitors, male and female, where the participants evaluated a list of potential origins of intense stress and anxiousness. The results indicated that the intense pressure of the sport, over competitiveness, and negative response increased stress for both males and females (Anshel Delany, 2001). A similar study by Peden (2007) explained that when a player becomes more and more uneasy in some positions due to the surroundings, negative automatic thoughts become more numerous and more negative, which can dominate thinking, wipe out confidence, and harm performance. There is a huge deal of learned inquiry into figuring out approaches that can be used for handling performance anxiety in athletes (Humara, 1999). Specific ways such as relaxation, cognitive restructuring, (Humara, 1999), and positive self-talk method (Peden, 2007) will be discussed in the Implications sections of this study. Multidimensional Anxiety Theory Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith (1990) produced the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory (MAT), which concentratesspecifically on competitive sport anxiety. This particular theory expresses that competitive anxiety is consists of two anxiety state components: cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety.Cognitive state anxiety is set like a fleeting condition of anxiety that contains of worry or an individual’s negative belief or worries about performance, as well as concentrationtrouble and lack of assiduity.Somatic state anxiety can be defined as a fleeting condition of anxiety that contains psychological response symptoms that pass in the soul.Symptoms of somatic state anxiety include extreme sweating, increased heart rate, wobbly, or tension (Martens et al., 1990). According to Martens and researchers (1990), somatic state anxiety may be categorized out as a vulgar reaction to opposition and can result in absolutely no needed problems to perform.However, a growth in cognitive state anxiety in an athlete can make awareness and concentration dysfunction and a mental growth process of worry and self-doubt.An absence of awareness and focus while taking part in sports can harmfully have an effect on entire performance. Possiblesituations of cognitive state anxiety are negative verbal feedback, insufficient of preparedness for competition, a bad attitude or mindset towards a past poor performance, or negative prospective of other individuals for example team members, family members, and coaches (Marten et al., 1990). Anxiety negatively affects an individual’s psychological and physical capabilities to accomplish (Hardy, 1996).A negative effect of competitive sport anxiety is distress (Selye, 1987).Distress happens when an individual is actually up against objectives that may happen in an improvement process of demand, and needs coping management, and reoccurring issue or difficulty with young athletes because of their lack of abilities, several overall performance mistakes, or failure to create away with tense circumstances (Peden, 2007). As an effect of enduring competitive anxiety resulting in burnout and other mental and physiological problems, drawback from the sport can become a standard escape for young and adolescents. Multidimensional Anxiety Theory shows that in relation to performance, cognitive anxiety knowledgeable within an individual will illustrate a negative linear relationship and somatic anxiety will prove and inverted ‘U’ relationship (Martens et al., 1990).The inverted ‘U’ relationship describes that in an individual’s somatic state, procedure should be bad at very low levels of somatic state anxiety, maximum at an advanced level of somatic state anxiety, and then become more and more worse as somatic anxiety increases past the optimal level (Perreault Marisi, 1997). The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) is a study based on the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory build to measure competitive state anxiety (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith, 1990).The CSAI-2 investigates the present state of competitive anxiety of an athlete by calculating current anxiety states of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence in athletes just before to competition (Martens et al., 1990).The CSAI-2 offered as the major instrumentation used for this questions. Past research are delivered to check out the estimations of the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory applying the CSAI-2 in addition to several revised types of the instrument.Chamberlain and Hale (2007) examined relationships between the amount as well as directional areas of competitive sport anxiety. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2D (direction) was useful to assess the state anxiety intensity and direction of 12 experienced, basic male golfers starting in age from 20-22 years.The CSAI-2D is equal to the initial CSAI-2 apart from the seven-level degree which usually assess path.In parliamentary law to appraise both the negative linear and inverted ‘U’ relationship described in the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory, anxiety and performance rating from similar positioning duties carried out under three different anxiety-manipulated competitive conditions were utilized.Solutions suggested that cognitive anxiety intensity proven a poor linear relationship with performan ce and somatic anxiety intensity displaying a curvilinear relationship with performance.Multiple regression examinessuggested that course, which paid for 42% of the deviation, was an even better predictor of overall performance than intensity, which accounted for only 22% of the deviation. Findings decided with the original MAT hypothesis (Chamberlain Hale, 2007). The modified inventory contained of the three pre-existing subscales of the CSAI-2 (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) but as an alternative of 9 items per scale it comprises of five items per subscale, ensuing in a 15-item scale.Researchers finished a confirmatory aspectevaluation of the CSAI-2C to assess the level to which the three-dimension model of competitive anxiety composed from the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory backed with regards to other designs (Stadulis et al., 2002).After evaluating 632 children ages 8-12 years old, internal consistency coefficients (i.e., Cronbach’s Alpha) for the three subscales were: Cognitive anxiety state, ÃŽ ±=.75; Somatic anxiety state, ÃŽ ± =.78; and state self-confidence, ÃŽ ± =.73. The entiretool internals consistency deducted in a value in.96 (Stadulis et al., 2002). Summary of the Chapter Professional football players as we know are elite football players that involves in a high level of sport competition. Sports offer players with organizations and programs from which they can help through skill development and enhanced self-confidence. Unfortunately, some professional players experience competitive sport anxiety, which can negatively affect their performance. Competitive sport anxiety can make athletes to lose focus, worry, and become anxious towards competition. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-confidence and competitive sport anxiety on Johor professional football players. This research can be helpful to coaches and officers of the professional football teams because it can detect the level of anxiety among players and if it related to self-confidence. The information may support coaches and officers of the professional football teams to take precautions such as modifying training programs and techniques, or coaching education on ways to help lower or prevent sport performance anxiety in professional football players.

The Dual Nature of Man in Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman B

The Dual Nature of Man in "Young Goodman Brown" In "Young Goodman Brown," Hawthorne tells the story of one man’s loss of faith in the human race. As Goodman Brown travels into the woods one night, he is sees the innermost secrets and desires of the people he once placed upon a pedestal. He sees that humans are evil by nature, and this causes him to lose faith in his fellow man. By viewing the story as an allegory, the journey into the woods is associated with the Puritan concept of justification. The Puritans viewed justification, or the means by which one receives the salvation of Christ, as a psychological journey into the "hell (or evil) of the self" (Soler). Goodman Brown fails to complete his process of individuation because he cannot come to terms with the dual Apollonian and Dionysian nature of his being. The Puritans believed that to be justified, one must let go of his worldly dependence and strive to live a life free of sin (Soler), making the story an allegory â€Å"in its treatment of the nature and consequences of the Puritan belief in the total depravity of man† (Waggoner 250). This would have had an impact on the development of the psyche, as the ego struggled to repress certain instincts that the superego deemed as sinful based on Puritanical beliefs. To understand the effects that Puritanism has on the psyche, one must also realize that Puritanism depraved the human spirit of both Dionysian and Apollonian instincts. Even though it favored Apollonian in the sense that it supported a distancing from the world, it does not support the development of the individual, which is associated with Apollo. Puritan Society frowned upon expressing one’s individuality (that is why, besides the obvious dishonor, wea... ... The Continuum Publishing Company, New York, 1995. Soler, Angie. "The Journey Into the Puritan Heart: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown’" Dr. Jim Wohlpart. American Literature and Analysis Web Site. Florida Gulf Coast University. 1998. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown and Other Short Stories. Appelbaum, Stanley, ed. Dover Thrift Edition. General Publishing Company, Canada. 1992. Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Revised Edition. Twayne’s United States Authors Series. G.K. Hall & Company. Massachusetts. 1983. Foster, Jr., John Burt. Heirs to Dionysus: A Nietzschean Current in Literary Modernism. Princeton University Press. New Jersey. 1981. Male, Roy R. Hawthorne’s Tragic Vision. University of Texas Press. Austin. 1957. Waggoner, Hyatt H. Hawthorne: A Critical Study. Harvard University Press. Massachusetts. 1955.

Chemistry Project Essay

Caffeine is a naturally-occurring stimulant, found in several plants. Caffeine is water soluble, and is extracted into the brewed cup when preparing tea, coffee, or other caffeinated drinks. The most well-known plants containing caffeine are the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, coffee, yerba matà ©, and guayusa. Although tea is known to have a number of health benefits, heavy caffeine use is known to have unpleasant effects and negative impacts on health, including anxiety and insomnia, and for this reason many tea drinkers seek to moderate their caffeine intake. The amount of caffeine in tea tends to be low, but is high enough to be a matter of concern for people drinking large quantities of tea, as well as people sensitive to caffeine for medical reasons. The Caffeine Molecule How much caffeine is in tea? The caffeine content of tea varies widely from one tea to the next, and depends on how the tea is brewed, but tends to be within the range of 15-70mg per 8 ounce cup. Caffeine can also be measured in terms of milligrams of caffeine per grams of dry tea. A teaspoon of dry tea leaves tends to weigh around 2.5 grams, the amount usually used to make a single cup, although this varies greatly by the type of tea. One study of the caffeine content of teas (after steeping) found that the caffeine content of tea varied from about 3 mg/g to 30mg/g, which would result in a cup of tea containing between 7.5 mg and 75 mg of tea. In most cases, tea has much less caffeine than coffee; a typical cup of coffee contains 80-135 mg of caffeine. However, it is important to note that these figures are per cup, not per serving, and in the case of large serving sizes, and also with espresso and other heavily-caffeinated drinks, the caffeine per serving can be considerably higher. In the U.S. the standard â€Å"small† serving size is 12 ounces. A recent study of commercial coffee vendors in Australia found that roughly a quarter of espresso samples contained over 120 mg of caffeine per serving, about 1/8th contained 167 mg or more per serving, and the highest contained 214 mg per serving. The authors of this study concluded that the most often-cited figures on caffeine content of coffee tend to underestimate the actual caffeine content. How much caffeine is safe to consume? To place these figures in perspective, the current consensus of the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists is that it is safe for pregnant women to consume up to 200 mg of caffeine daily. For the general public, the Mayo clinic recommends that 200-300 mg of caffeine daily is safe, but that 500-600 mg daily can cause a number of health problems. If drinking a relatively stronger tea containing 60mg / cup, 8 cups a day would be a safe amount, or 3 for pregnant women. For a weaker tea, with 30mg / cup, twice this amount would still be a safe amount of caffeine. Keep in mind that different people react differently to caffeine, so an amount that is safe or unpleasant for one person may not be healthy for everyone. L-theanine in tea interacts with caffeine In addition to caffeine, tea also contains L-theanine; theanine can interact with caffeine, allowing a smaller dose of caffeine to have a stronger effect in terms of boosting concentration and alertness. This may explain why tea seems to provide a stronger boost in alertness for some people than one would expect from its caffeine content alone. Do black, green, or white teas contain more or less caffeine? Many tea companies, and even some reputable entities such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, have made misleading generalizations about the caffeine content of broad classes of tea. It is a widespread myth that black tea contains more caffeine than green tea, and another myth that white tea contains the least caffeine of all teas. Studies that have actually examined the caffeine content of a large number of different teas have consistently found that caffeine levels vary more among individual teas than across broad categories of tea such as black, white, green, oolong, or pu-erh. A study published in 2005 in the Journal of Food Science listed, among other things, the caffeine content of 77 different teas, and found a broad range of caffeine content among both green and black teas. Surprisingly, the tea in this study that was found to contain the most caffeine was a white tea, solidly dispelling the myth about white tea’s caffeine content. A more recent study in the 2008 Journal of Analytical Toxicology examined the caffeine contents of a number of teas, and found that they ranged from 14 to 61 mg per 6 or 8 oz serving, with â€Å"no observable trend in caffeine concentration due to the variety of tea†. Very few tea companies have examined the caffeine content of a large number of samples of their teas; one that has, Camellia Sinensis Tea House, found similar results, that the caffeine level varies widely from one tea to the next, and does not show clear trends of caffeine levels across different varieties of teas. One possible exception to this observation is that matcha is known to contain very high levels of caffeine, consistently much higher than other teas. This is due in part to higher caffeine levels in the leaf used to produced matcha, but it is also due to the fact that, because matcha is a powdered tea, the entire tea leaf is consumed when brewing, so a cup of prepared matcha contains 100% of the caffeine in the leaf. What determines the amount of caffeine in a particular tea? Caffeine protects the tender young leaf buds of the tea plant from being eaten by insects. There are so many different factors influencing the caffeine content of tea, that it is very hard to make generalizations predicting the caffeine content of tea. Caffeine levels vary widely from one particular tea to the next. The only certain way to know the caffeine level of a particular tea is to actually test it in a laboratory. Tea can be made from different parts of the tea plant, and these parts contain different quantities of caffeine. Leaf buds (tips) and younger leaves are higher in caffeine than older, mature leaves. This pattern can be explained by the fact that, for the tea plant, caffeine acts a natural insecticide, serving to protect the plant against being eaten by insects. Since the tips and tender young leaves are most vulnerable to insects, these parts of the plant are highest in caffeine; the older leaves are tougher and thus lower in caffeine. â€Å"Tippy† teas such as Yunnan Gold or Silver Needle White Tea (Bai Hao Yinzhen) are thus higher in caffeine than large-leaf teas such as Lapsang Souchong, a black tea (Souchongs are made of mature leaves) or Shou Mei, a white tea. The varietal (cultivar or specific horticultural variety) of tea plant used to produced tea can profoundly affect caffeine levels in tea. Varietal is independent of type of tea (green, white, black, oolong, etc.), and different types of tea can be produced from the same varietal. Variation in caffeine content among different varietals can lead to teas grown under similar conditions, with similar appearance and other qualities, having different caffeine levels. Roasting can also reduce the caffeine levels in tea. In the 2005 study mentioned above, one particular sample of Hojicha, a Japanese roasted green tea, was found to have less caffeine even than some decaffeinated teas. Oolong teas are usually roasted to varying degrees, and can be lower in caffeine, although like all types of tea, oolong teas vary greatly in caffeine content. It should be noted that the roasting processes both for hojicha and oolongs vary greatly, and the caffeine content of most of these teas has not been extensively studied, so it is not safe to conclude that hojicha or roasted oolong is necessarily low in caffeine. The blending of tea with caffeine-free ingredients to produce flavored teas can result in a lower total caffeine content so long as less total tea leaf is used in the blend. Scenting tea with flowers or flavoring tea with essential oils of plants does not add as much weight as blending with loose herbs, and thus does not lower the caffeine content (by weight) of the blend as much. How you brew tea affects caffeine content The quantity of leaf used and the length of time the leaves are steeped both directly influence the caffeine content of the final cup of tea. Using more leaves and steeping for a longer time both increase the caffeine in the resulting cup. Our page on brewing tea has more discussion of how to brew tea. Can you â€Å"decaffeinate† your own tea by steeping it briefly in water? Short answer: no. A number of sources make the claim that you can â€Å"decaffeinate† your own tea by making a brief infusion in hot water, and then discarding this infusion. Unfortunately, this process does not work; if it did, tea companies would not have to resort to expensive and involved decaffeination processes to produce decaf tea. Caffeine tends to diffuse in hot water at the same rate as many of the chemicals responsible for the flavor and aroma of tea, so if the tea still tastes flavorful, it probably still contains caffeine. Most (but not all) herbal teas contain no caffeine Although caffeine does occur in a number of plants, the overwhelming majority of herbal teas are caffeine free. The most notable exception is Yerba mate. Other plants containing caffeine are very rare as ingredients in herbal tea. In addition to exploring other herbal teas, people desiring caffeine-free tea-like drinks might want to try South African rooibos and honeybush, two plants which are often described as being similar to tea in flavor, health benefits, and manner of production.

Free Essays on Capitalism Vs. Socialism

CAPITALISM vs. SOCIALISM Capitalism and Socialism are both types of systems in different societies throughout the world that have been successful at times, but also not so fortunate in it’s success at other times throughout history. When discussing Capitalism and Socialism we are asked if we desire a moral or immoral system, if we’d rather have our own freedom or a tyranny, and if we’d prefer prosperity or poverty!?! What would you choose? One distinct system of economic organizations that exists is Capitalism. Capitalism is a social system based on the recognition of individual rights, including property rights, in which all property is privately owned. Capitalism is based on the right to property. Property is acquired through trade, which is a trade in values. Those who believe in this system believe in the theory â€Å" if you do something good for me, I will do something good for you.† Capitalism is the only system that doesn’t deprive the individual of his rights. The right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, are all fulfilled in Capitalism. People are free from the use unearned force by the government, free to acquire and keep property, and live in an ethical way. Capitalism allows progress through the value of work. Productiveness is the virtue of creating material values, and in a free market, such a virtue is a necessity to trade. Capitalism is fine in many aspects of socie ty, especially when we are interested in wants as opposed to needs. If one were interested in luxuries Capitalism would be an excellent choice. The other distinct system of economical organization is Socialism. Socialism is a system, which is defined by governmental ownership and property, Socialism is against all basic rights: by using unearned force on its citizens, it removes from them the right to property. By using force and forbidding them to use this property, it therefore also affects the right to liberty... Free Essays on Capitalism Vs. Socialism Free Essays on Capitalism Vs. Socialism CAPITALISM vs. SOCIALISM Capitalism and Socialism are both types of systems in different societies throughout the world that have been successful at times, but also not so fortunate in it’s success at other times throughout history. When discussing Capitalism and Socialism we are asked if we desire a moral or immoral system, if we’d rather have our own freedom or a tyranny, and if we’d prefer prosperity or poverty!?! What would you choose? One distinct system of economic organizations that exists is Capitalism. Capitalism is a social system based on the recognition of individual rights, including property rights, in which all property is privately owned. Capitalism is based on the right to property. Property is acquired through trade, which is a trade in values. Those who believe in this system believe in the theory â€Å" if you do something good for me, I will do something good for you.† Capitalism is the only system that doesn’t deprive the individual of his rights. The right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, are all fulfilled in Capitalism. People are free from the use unearned force by the government, free to acquire and keep property, and live in an ethical way. Capitalism allows progress through the value of work. Productiveness is the virtue of creating material values, and in a free market, such a virtue is a necessity to trade. Capitalism is fine in many aspects of socie ty, especially when we are interested in wants as opposed to needs. If one were interested in luxuries Capitalism would be an excellent choice. The other distinct system of economical organization is Socialism. Socialism is a system, which is defined by governmental ownership and property, Socialism is against all basic rights: by using unearned force on its citizens, it removes from them the right to property. By using force and forbidding them to use this property, it therefore also affects the right to liberty...

Gregor Mendel Essays (549 words) - Biology, Genetics, Free Essays

Gregor Mendel Essays (549 words) - Biology, Genetics, Free Essays Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel played a huge role in the underlying principles of genetic inheritance. Gregor was born, July 22 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austrian Silesia (now known as Hyncice, Czech Republic), with the name Johann Mendel. He changed his name to Gregor in 1843. He grew up in an Augustinian brotherhood and he learned agricultural training with basic education. He then went on to the Olmutz Philosophical Institute and later entered the Augustinian Monastery in 1843. After 3 years of theological studies, Mendel went to the University of Vienna, where 2 professors influenced him; the physicist Doppler and a botanist named Unger. Here he learned to study science through experimentation and aroused his interest in the causes of variation in plants. He returned to Brunn in 1854 where he was a teacher until 1868. Mendel died January 6 1884. In 1857, Mendel began breeding garden peas in the abbey garden to study inheritance, which lead to his law of Segregation and independent assortment. Mendel observed several characteristics of the garden peas which include: plant height (tallness/shortness), seed color (green/yellow), seed shape (smooth/wrinkled), seed-coat color (gray/white), pod shape (full/constricted), pod color (green/yellow), and flower distribution (along length/ at end of stem). Mendel keep careful records of his experiments and first reported his findings at a meeting of the Brunn Natural History Society. The results of Mendel's work were published in 1866 as Experiments with Plant Hybrids in the society's journal. Mendel's Law of Segregation stated that the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis and is distributed to different gametes. This hypothesis can be divided into four main ideas. The first idea is that alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters. Different alleles will create different variations in inherited characters. The second idea is that for each character, an organism inherits two genes, one for each parent. So that means that a homologous loci may have matching alleles, as in the true-breeding plants of Mendel's P generation (parental). If the alleles differ, then there will be F hybrids. The third idea states that if the two alleles differ, the recessive allele will have no affect on the organism's appearance. So an F hybrid plant that has purple flowers, the dominant allele will be the purple-color allele and the recessive allele would be the white-color allele. The idea is that the two genes for each character segregate during gamete production. Independent assortment states that each member of a pair of homologous chromosome segregates during meiosis independently of the members of other pairs so that alleles carried on different chromosomes are different distributed randomly to the gametes. Mendel's work was not recognized right away as an important scientific breakthrough. In 1868 Mendel was promoted to abbot at the monastery and gave up his experiments. Aside from his fellow monks and his students his work was ignored. In fact the importance of Mendel's work was not discovered until 1900, sixteen years after his death. His work was discovered by three European scientists: Hugo De Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich Tschermak, working independently as they preformed their own similar experiments. They credited Gregor Mendel as the discoverer of the laws of heredity. In conclusion, Mendel's work was very important to the science community, and is to this day being studied. All his work was done without himself ever receiving credit while he was alive. His laws of heredity are still used today and he now has received credit as the discoverer of the laws of heredity.

Free Trade Zones in UAE and Economic Development Research Paper - 1

Free Trade Zones in UAE and Economic Development - Research Paper Example In a free trade zone, all the imports are free from duties and all the exports from this region are free from restrictions but only when those goods reach to other destinations, they become subject to the local custom rules. Ireland was the first country to come up with this idea and the main purpose was to industrialize the rural areas of the country and attract foreign investment to induce the economy and provide better employment to the locals (Davidson, 2008). United States, China, Brazil, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Philippines and many other countries have various free trade zones, all for the same purpose (Krane, 2009). United Arab Emirates is the recent addition to the list of the countries, which are looking for aggressive economic growth and one of the approaches taken for the same is setting up various free trade zones in order to encourage foreign direct investment (Oxford Business Group, 2010). The country has over 20 free trade zones and the paper is an attempt to shed some light on the free trade zones of Dubai Media City and Abu Dhabi Airport (Barrett, 2010). The paper will discuss their positive and negative contributions to the economy of UAE, benefits to investors and strategies for growth. Furthermore, the paper will also shed some light on the differences between employment rules in the free trade zones and other areas of the country. Discussion Dubai Media City It was in the year 2001 when the Dubai government launched Dubai Media City as a free trade zone that has now become the regional hub of media companies in the Middle Eastern regions. Reputable media companies such as CNN, BBC, GEO Tv, ARY Digital, Bloomberg, Cartoon Network, CCTV Orbit Showtime, CNBC and others have set up their regional headquarters and broadcasting centers in the city. Furthermore, Financial Times, The Sunday times, The Economist and other well known print media companies have their regional centers in the Dubai Media City. McGraw Hill, Forbes, ITP Publishing Gro up and other leading players in the publishing are also located in the city. On top of these, the city takes great pride in the fact that headquarters of the ICC (international Cricket Council, the supreme governing body of cricket worldwide) is located in Dubai Media City. Over 1400 companies are registered and operating in the Dubai Media city (Krane, 2009). Over the past decade of its existence, the Dubai Media City has been instrumental in boosting the economic growth of the country. Furthermore, not only it has helped to provide employment to the local people however as of today, Dubai Media City is the home to thousands of people skilled, trained, experienced and learned in media related jobs. Many foreign students come to Dubai for their media studies considering the exposure that they could get from Dubai Media City. Foreign Direct Investment has kept on increasing and the tourism and hospitality industry has received great deal of business (Kanna, 2011). The downside of all this economic growth is the fact that this economic growth cannot be termed as sustainable or long-term growth. Despite the fact that the GDP of the region and the country has increased greatly due to the presence of huge media companies, however, these companies have ended up with employing a significant majority of expatriates, non-locals and non-Emiratis (Oxford Business Group, 2010). These percentages range from 80 percent to 99 percent. The point

Roles of Psychiatric Nurses in Mental Health Nursing Essay

Roles of Psychiatric Nurses in Mental Health Nursing - Essay Example At the same time, some contemporary cultures are more tolerant, and their beliefs suggest that family and community members are keys to the care and treatment of the mentally ill. The impact of longstanding beliefs and values on care provision: Mental health nurses are from the population, and before being mental health nurses, they were lay people. Therefore, it is very likely that the beliefs and values about mental health deeply ingrained in societies would be carried forward in the nurses, unless they acquire mental health literacy. It is ironical that while amongst the nurses, the importance of health literacy in terms of physical health is well recognised, even among them, the area of mental health literacy is comparatively ignored. Prejudice, stereotyping, and stigma of the healthcare professionals in the psychological health field has influenced care traditionally, mainly because of the fact that those are difficult to change, and if this occurs in the mental health nurses, would influence the care outcome. When nurses understand different cultures as they relate to individual feelings and motivations, they will be better equipped to adapt mental health care to the backgrounds and lifestyles of their clients. It is a matter of growing concern and an important issue in delivery of mental health care in the Australian Healthcare System. According to the DHS (1998) one of the roles of the psychiatric nurse is to have an awareness of stigma and the ability to challenge their beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and bias about mental disorder. It is required by the standards of practice to implement this changing "attitude" of the nurses into practice to eliminate discrimination in practice, and therefore, "Reflecting on practice, feelings and beliefs and the consequences of these for individuals/groups is an important professional benchmark" (ANMC, 2006). Nursing care of people with psychiatric illnesses and emotional problems very frequently are more complex because of cultural differences between the nurses' and patients' backgrounds and cultural heritages. It is important for nurses to understand clearly the thinking and perspectives of other cultures and groups, especially to which their clients belong. Because treating mental disorders is intertwined with peoples' attitudes about themselves, their beliefs, values, and ways of interacting with their families and communities, it is crucial that psychiatric nurses be culturally competent in their practice. The awareness about these factors leads to knowledge and alteration of beliefs about mental disorders in nurses, and this alteration would aid the recognition, better management, and efficient prevention of these disorders. This awareness has several components including the ability to recognise specific disorders or different types of psychological distress, knowledge and beliefs about risk factors and causes, knowledge and beliefs about interventions, and attitudes that facilitate recognition and offer help. Poor knowledge about mental illness and negative attitude towards patients suffering from mental illness is widespread among the mental health workers including nurses. Educational interventions can reduce stigma, and as noted earlier, stigmatizing opinions are not related to knowledge. Mental health